Chapter 12, Problem 12.127P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The solid phases that are stable at $25°\text{C}$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase diagram is a combination of liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves and determines the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase of a substance.

When a solid melts it is converted into a liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The phase stable at $175°\text{C}$ and $50\text{katm}$ is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase diagram is a combination of liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves and determines the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase of a substance.

When a solid melts it is converted into a liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The phase transitions of bismuth when pressure is reduced from 100 to $1\text{ katm}$ at $200°\text{C}$ are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The phase diagram is a combination of liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves and determines the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase of a substance.

When a solid melts it is converted into a liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The phases that are present at each of the triple points is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase diagram is a combination of liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves and determines the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase of a substance.

When a solid melts it is converted into a liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$