
Union:
In C++, the union is a user-define data type, which contains different type of elements with different lengths.
- It uses single memory location to hold more than one variable. It takes the memory of the largest data type.
- It conserves memory as it stores all the members in the same memory location.
- Union variable can initialize in main function within the program. Then initialize the union members using the union variable.
- Union variable can be declared in the type of array and the entire array elements can be accessed through a loop.
Declaration of union:
The declaration of union is the same as a structure with the only difference that, instead of using a keyword “struct”, the keyword “union” should be used.
Example:
union Score
{
int rollNo;
float marks;
};
The “Score” is the union variable which is defined with the two members: “rollNo( a int)” and “marks (a float)”. The union variable will take up as much memory as the largest member.
Declaration of union for the given members:
Declaration of union for the “letter”, “whole”, “real” members are given as follows:
union ThreeTypes
{
char letter;
int whole;
double real
};
The “ThreeTypes” is the union variable which is defined with three members: “letter” as “char”, “whole” as “int” and “real” as “double”.
- The union variable “ThreeTypes” will only take up the memory of “double” as it holds the largest size when compared to the “int” and “char” data types.
- The size of the “double” is 4 bytes and the size of the “int” is 2 bytes and that of “char” is 1 byte.
Defining an array for union:
An array of union can be defined in the form of an array which is used to implement multiple values in a union. It can be accessed through its index value.
Definition of an array of union for the above “ThreeTypes”:
ThreeTypes values [50];
The “values” is a variable in the type of union “ThreeTypes”. The size of the “values” is “50”.
“for” loop:
In some cases it is necessary to track number of times the loop gets executed. So C++ provides such type of control loop is known as “for” loop.
- “for” loop is also referred as count-controlled loop; it contains three process as follows:
- Initialization
- Compare and
- Update
- It is possible to initialize more than one variable in loop expression.
Syntax:
The syntax for the “for” loop is as follows:
//for loop condition
for (initialization; Compare; Update)
{
//statement
}

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Chapter 11 Solutions
Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects (8th Edition)
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