Problem 1E: How do solutions differ from compounds? From other mixtures? Problem 2E: Which of the principal characteristics of solutions can we see in the solutions of K2Cr2O7 shown in... Problem 3E: When KNO3 is dissolved in water, the resulting solution is significantly colder than the water was... Problem 4E: Give an example of each of the following types of solutions: (a) a gas in a liquid (b) a gas in a... Problem 5E: Indicate the most important types of intermolecular attractions in each of the following solutions:... Problem 6E: Predict whether each of the following substances would be more soluble in water (polar solvent) or... Problem 7E: Heat is released when some solutions form; heat is absorbed when other solutions form. Provide a... Problem 8E: Solutions of hydrogen in palladium may be formed by exposing Pd metal to H2 gas. The concentration... Problem 9E: Explain why the ions Na+ and CI- are strongly solvated in water but not in hexane, a solvent... Problem 10E: Explain why solutions of HBr in benzene (a nonpolar solvent) are nonconductive, while solutions in... Problem 11E: Consider the solutions presented: (a) Which of the following sketches best represents the ions in a... Problem 12E: Compare the processes that occur when methanol (CH3OH), hydrogen chloride (HCI), and sodium... Problem 13E: What is the expected electrical conductivity of the following solutions? (a) NaOH(aq) (b) HCI(aq)... Problem 14E: Why are most solid ionic compounds electrically nonconductive, whereas aqueous solutions of ionic... Problem 15E: Indicate the most important type of intermolecular attraction responsible for solvation in each of... Problem 16E: Suppose you are presented with a clear solution of sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3. How could you... Problem 17E: Supersaturated solutions of most solids in water are prepared by cooling saturated solutions.... Problem 18E: Suggest an explanation for the observations that ethanol, C2H5OH, is completely miscible with water... Problem 19E: Calculate the percent by mass of KBr in a saturated solution of KBr in water at 10 °C. See Figure... Problem 20E: Which of the following gases is expected to be most soluble in water? Explain your reasoning. (a)... Problem 21E: At 0 C and 1.00 atm, as much as 0.70 g of O2 can dissolve in 1 L of water. At 0 C and 4.00 atm, how... Problem 22E: Refer to Figure 11.11. (a) How did the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the beverage change when... Problem 23E: The Henry's law constant for CO2 is 3.4102 M/atm at 25 C. What pressure of carbon dioxide is needed... Problem 24E: The Henry's law constant for O2 is 1.3103M /atm at 25 C. What mass of oxygen would be dissolved in a... Problem 25E: How many liters of HCI gas, measured at 30.0 C and 745 torr, are required to prepare 1.25 L of a... Problem 26E: Which is are part of the macroscopic domain of solutions and which is are part of the microscopic... Problem 27E: What is the microscopic explanation for the macroscopic behaviour illustrated in Figure 11.15? Problem 28E: Sketch a qualitative graph of the pressure versus time for water vapor above a sample of pure water... Problem 29E: A solution of potassium nitrate, an electrolyte, and a solution of glycerin (C3H5(OH)3), a... Problem 30E: What are the mole fractions of H3PO4 and water in a solution of 14.5 g of H3PO4 in 125 g of water?... Problem 31E: What are the mole fractions of HNO3 and water in a concentrated solution of nitric acid (68.0% HNO3... Problem 32E: Calculate the mole fraction of each solute and solvent: (a) 583 g of H2SO4 in 1.50 kg of water—the... Problem 33E: Calculate the mole fraction of each solute and solvent: (a) 0.710 kg of sodium carbonate (washing... Problem 34E: Calculate the mole fractions of methanol, CH3OH; ethanol, C2H5OH; and water in a solution that is... Problem 35E: What is the difference between a 1 M solution and a 1 m solution? Problem 36E: What is the molality of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, in a solution of 14.5 of H3PO4 in 125 g of water?... Problem 37E: What is the molality of nitric acid in a concentrated solution of nitric acid (68.0% HNO3 by mass)?... Problem 38E: Calculate the molality of each of the following solutions: (a) 583 g of H2SO4 in 1.50 kg of... Problem 39E: Calculate the molality of each of the following solutions: (a) 0.710 kg of sodium carbonate (washing... Problem 40E: The concentration of glucose, C6H12O6, in normal spinal fluid is 75mg100mg. What is the molality of... Problem 41E: A 13.0% solution of K2CO3 by mass has a density of 1.09 g/cm3. Calculate the molality of the... Problem 42E: Why does 1 mol of sodium chloride depress the freezing point of 1 kg of water almost twice as much... Problem 43E: What is the boiling point of a solution of 115.0 g of sucrose, C12H22O11, in 350.0 g of water? (a)... Problem 44E: What is the boiling point of a solution of 9.04 g of I2 in 75.5 g of benzene, assuming the I2 is... Problem 45E: What is the freezing temperature of a solution of 115.0 g of sucrose, C12H22O11, in 350.0 g of... Problem 46E: What is the freezing point of a solution of 9.04 g of I2 in 75.5 g of benzene? (a) Outline the steps... Problem 47E: What is the osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution of 1.64 g Ca(NO3)2 of in water at 25 C? The... Problem 48E: What is osmotic pressure of a solution of bovine insulin (molar mass, 5700 g mol-1) at 18 C if 100.0... Problem 49E: What is the molar mass of a solution of 5.00 g of a compound in 25.00 g of carbon tetrachloride (bp... Problem 50E: A sample of an organic compound (a nonelectrolyte) weighing 1.35 g lowered the freezing point of... Problem 51E: A 1.0 m solution of HCI in benzene has a freezing point of 0.4 C. Is HCI an electrolyte in benzene?... Problem 52E: A solution contains 5.00 g of urea, CO(NH2)2, a nonvolatile compound, dissolved in 0.100 kg of... Problem 53E: A 12.0-g sample of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 80.0 g of water. The solution freezes at -1.94... Problem 54E: Arrange the following solutions in order by their decreasing freezing points: 0.1 m Na3PO4, 0.1 m... Problem 55E: Calculate the boiling point elevation of 0.100 kg of water containing 0.010 mol of NaCl, 0.020 mol... Problem 56E: How could you prepare a 3.08 m aqueous solution of glycerin, C3H8O3? What is the freezing point of... Problem 57E: A sample of sulfur weighing 0.210 g was dissolved in 17.8 g of carbon disulfide, CS2 ( Kb=2.43 C/m).... Problem 58E: In a significant experiment performed many years ago, 5.6977 g of cadmium iodide in 44.69 g of water... Problem 59E: Lysozyme is an enzyme that cleaves cell walls. A 0.100-L sample of a solution of lysozyme that... Problem 60E: The osmotic pressure of a solution containing 7.0 g of insulin per liter is 23 torr at 25 C. What is... Problem 61E: The osmotic pressure of human blood is 7.6 atm at 37 C. What mass of glucose, C6H12O6, is required... Problem 62E: What is the freezing point of a solution of dibromobenzene, C6H4Br2, in 0.250 kg of benzene, if the... Problem 63E: What is the boiling point of a solution of NaCI in water if the solution freezes at -0.93 C? Problem 64E: The sugar fructose contains 40.0% C, 6.7% H, and 53.3% O by mass. A solution of 11.7 g of fructose... Problem 65E: The vapor pressure of methanol, CH3OH, is 94 torr at 20 C. The vapor pressure of ethanol, C2H5OH, is... Problem 66E: The triple point of air-free water is defined as 273.16 K. Why is it important that the water be... Problem 67E: Meat can be classified as fresh (not frozen) even though it is stored at -1 C. Why wouldn't meat... Problem 68E: An organic compound has a composition of 93.46% C and 6.54% H by mass. A solution of 0.090 g of this... Problem 69E: A sample of HgCI2 weighing 9.41 g is dissolved in 32.75 g of ethanol, C2H5OH ( Kb=1.20 C/m). The... Problem 70E: A salt is known to be an alkali metal fluoride. A quick approximate determination of freezing point... Problem 71E: Identify the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium in each of the following colloidal systems:... Problem 72E: Distinguish between dispersion methods and condensation methods for preparing colloidal systems. Problem 73E: How do colloids differ from solutions with regard to dispersed particle size and homogeneity? Problem 74E: Explain the cleansing action of soap. Problem 75E: How can it be demonstrated that colloidal particles are electrically charged? format_list_bulleted