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Concept explainers
Interpretation:
For noble gases in the periodic table, whether the first ionization energy will decrease or increase from top to bottom in a group has to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Atomic radii:
The atomic radius of an atom can be defined as the distance between the center of the nucleus and the outermost electron. In the periodic table, across a period atomic radius is decreases and increases down a group.
Ionization energy:
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from the atom is known ionization energy. If the removed electron is first then it will be first ionization energy, if the removed electron is second then it will be second ionization energy.
For example,
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Chapter 11 Solutions
FOUND.OF COLLEGE CHEMISTRY
- • use electron configurations to explain why metals tend to form cations whereas nonmetals tend to form anions.arrow_forwardFor each of the following atoms or ions, state the total number of electrons, the number of valence electrons, and the number of core electrons. (a) Rn (b) Sr+ (c) Se2 (d) Sb2arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is correct and provides the best explanation when removing the first two electrons from calcium? Energy is released when either electron comes off because calcium is a metal and not very electronegative. It takes less energy to remove the second electron from calcium compared with the first because calcium wants to have eight electrons in its outer shell (and thus have a noble gas configuration. It takes less energy to remove the first electron compared with the second because it is in a higher energy level than the second electron. Electrons cannot be removed from calcium because it is a metal and only wants to gain electrons to become more stable. It takes more energy to remove the second electron compared with the first because the nucleus binds the electrons more tightly as each electron is removed.arrow_forward
- In forming an ionic bond with an atom of chlorine, a sodium atom will: a.receive one electron from the chlorine atom. b.receive two electrons from the chlorine atom. c.give up one electron to the chlorine atom. d.give up two electrons to the chlorine atom.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between sulfuric acid and hydrosulfuric acid?arrow_forwardHydrogen gas and oxygen gas react violently to form water. When this occurs, a very loud noise is heard. Draw the Lewis structures for hydrogen gas, oxygen gas, and water. State whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar and why. Explain how the polarity of these molecules is related to hydrogen and oxygen existing in the gas phase at room temperature and water existing in the liquid phase at room temperature. Which is lower in energy for this reaction a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases or water? How do you know this is true?arrow_forward
- Predict which the following ionic substances would have the lowest melting point. O Al₂O3 AIN MgO Cas CaO Explain your reasoning. Make sure to discuss Coulomb's Law, forces and energy. B I U X2 X2arrow_forwardWhat is the chemical formula for the compound formed between sodium and fluorine? formula: What is the chemical formula for the compound formed between sodium and oxygen? formula:arrow_forwardWhich of the following properties of elements increases from top to bottom? * ionization energy electronegativity electron affinity atomic radius The noble gases possess very high ionization energies because of their full valence shell, thus" O it is easy to remove the valence electron. it requires more energy to attract electron from other atoms. It is difficult to remove the valence electron. O it requires less energy to remove the valence electron. The large number of organic compounds results from the exceptional ability of carbon atoms to be dissolved in both organic and inorganic compounds. bond to itself, forming molecules in chains or rings. attain stability at high temperature. bond with all other elements. O O O O O O O O O Oarrow_forward
- When potassium permanganate is formed, how does the electron configuration of potassium change, going from the neutral potassium atom to the potassium ion?arrow_forwardWhat is the chemical formula for the compound formed between manganese(IV) and chlorine? chemical formula: What is the chemical formula for the compound formed between manganese(IV) and sulfur? chemical formula:arrow_forwardComplete the ground-state electron configuration for these ions using the noble gas abbreviation and identify the charge on the ion. cadmium ion electron configuration: cadmium ion charge: thallium(III) ion electronic configuration: thallium(III) ion charge:arrow_forward
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