Chapter 11, Problem 30PE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of $\text{Ga}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis structure:

The representation of valence shell electrons around the atom is known as Lewis structure or Lewis dot structure.  Electrons are represented as a dot in Lewis structures, a single dot represents unpaired electron and paired of dots represents paired electrons.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of ${\text{Ga}}^{\text{3+}}$ ion has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of ${\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}$ has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).