Chapter 11, Problem 131CP

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Whether zirconium metal is capable to reduce water to form hydrogen gas at standard conditions should be determined.

Concept introduction:Study of interchange between electrical and chemical energy falls under branch of chemistry called electrochemistry. It includes occurrence of oxidation and reduction reactions. This includes production of electric current from chemical reaction and vice-versa.

Reactions that occur in galvanic cells can be broken down into two half-cell reactions. One half-cell reaction is that of reduction whereas another half-cell reaction is that of oxidation.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Balanced reaction for reduction of water by zirconium metal should be determined.

Concept introduction:Study of interchange between electrical and chemical energy falls under branch of chemistry called electrochemistry. It includes occurrence of oxidation and reduction reactions. This includes production of electric current from chemical reaction and vice-versa.

Reactions that occur in galvanic cells can be broken down into two half-cell reactions. One half-cell reaction is that of reduction whereas another half-cell reaction is that of oxidation.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: $E°$ , $\Delta G^{°}$ and $K$ for reduction of water by zirconium metal are to be determined.

Concept introduction:Study of interchange between electrical and chemical energy falls under branch of chemistry called electrochemistry. It includes occurrence of oxidation and reduction reactions. This includes production of electric current from chemical reaction and vice-versa.

Reactions that occur in galvanic cells can be broken down into two half-cell reactions. One half-cell reaction is that of reduction whereas another half-cell reaction is that of oxidation.

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mass of ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ produced by reaction of $1.00\times {10}^3\text{ kg}$ of zirconium is to be determined. Also, volume of ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ produced if pressure is $1.0\text{ atm}$ and temperature is $1000°\text{C}$ is to be determined.

Concept introduction:State of any gas is determined by some of its parameters. These parameters are pressure, amount of gas, temperature, and volume. Ideal gas law helps to govern state of gas with help of relationships between these gas parameters.

Expression for ideal gas equation for ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ gas is as follows:

  $PV=nRT$

Where,

• $P$ is pressure of ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ gas.
• $V$ is volume of ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$gas.
• $n$ is number of moles of ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$gas.
• $R$ is universal gas constant.
• $T$ is absolute temperature of ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$gas.

e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Whether decision to vent hydrogen and other radioactive gases into atmosphere at Three Mile Islandwas correct or not should be explained.

Concept introduction:Study of interchange between electrical and chemical energy falls under branch of chemistry called electrochemistry. It includes occurrence of oxidation and reduction reactions. This includes production of electric current from chemical reaction and vice-versa.