
(a)
Interpretation:
The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the
Concept Introduction:
Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.
Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.
Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.
Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.
(b)
Interpretation:
The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.
Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.
Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.
Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.
(c)
Interpretation:
The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.
Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.
Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.
Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.
(d)
Interpretation:
The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.
Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.
Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.
Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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Chapter 11 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Seventh Edition
- Propose a synthesis of 1-butanamine from the following: (a) a chloroalkane of three carbons (b) a chloroalkane of four carbonsarrow_forwardSelect the stronger base from each pair of compounds. (a) H₂CNH₂ or EtzN (b) CI or NH2 NH2 (c) .Q or EtzN (d) or (e) N or (f) H or Harrow_forward4. Provide a clear arrow-pushing mechanism for each of the following reactions. Do not skip proton transfers, do not combine steps, and make sure your arrows are clear enough to be interpreted without ambiguity. a. 2. 1. LDA 3. H3O+ HOarrow_forward
- b. H3C CH3 H3O+ ✓ H OHarrow_forward2. Provide reagents/conditions to accomplish the following syntheses. More than one step is required in some cases. a. CH3arrow_forwardIdentify and provide an explanation that distinguishes a qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Provide examples.arrow_forward
- Identify and provide an explanation of the operational principles behind a Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). List the steps involved.arrow_forwardInstructions: Complete the questions in the space provided. Show all your work 1. You are trying to determine the rate law expression for a reaction that you are completing at 25°C. You measure the initial reaction rate and the starting concentrations of the reactions for 4 trials. BrO³¯ (aq) + 5Br¯ (aq) + 6H* (aq) → 3Br₂ (l) + 3H2O (l) Initial rate Trial [BrO3] [H*] [Br] (mol/L) (mol/L) | (mol/L) (mol/L.s) 1 0.10 0.10 0.10 8.0 2 0.20 0.10 0.10 16 3 0.10 0.20 0.10 16 4 0.10 0.10 0.20 32 a. Based on the above data what is the rate law expression? b. Solve for the value of k (make sure to include proper units) 2. The proposed reaction mechanism is as follows: i. ii. BrО¸¯ (aq) + H+ (aq) → HBrO3 (aq) HBrO³ (aq) + H* (aq) → H₂BrO3* (aq) iii. H₂BrO³* (aq) + Br¯ (aq) → Br₂O₂ (aq) + H2O (l) [Fast] [Medium] [Slow] iv. Br₂O₂ (aq) + 4H*(aq) + 4Br(aq) → 3Br₂ (l) + H2O (l) [Fast] Evaluate the validity of this proposed reaction. Justify your answer.arrow_forwardе. Д CH3 D*, D20arrow_forward
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