The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given. Concept Introduction: Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization. Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself. Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle. Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Question

Using the following two half-reactions, determine the pH range in which $NO_2^-\ (aq)$ cannot be found as the predominant chemical species in water.* $NO_3^-(aq)+10H^+(aq)+8e^-\rightarrow NH_4^+(aq)+3H_2O(l),\ pE^{\circ}=14.88$* $NO_2^-(aq)+8H^+(aq)+6e^-\rightarrow NH_4^+(aq)+2H_2O(l),\ pE^{\circ}=15.08$

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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Using the following two half-reactions, determine the pH range in which $NO_2^-\ (aq)$ cannot be found as the predominant chemical species in water.* $NO_3^-(aq)+10H^+(aq)+8e^-\rightarrow NH_4^+(aq)+3H_2O(l),\ pE^{\circ}=14.88$* $NO_2^-(aq)+8H^+(aq)+6e^-\rightarrow NH_4^+(aq)+2H_2O(l),\ pE^{\circ}=15.08$

Indicate characteristics of oxodec acid.

What is the final product when hexanedioic acid reacts with 1º PCl5 and 2º NH3.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 11.62EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.2 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.4 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.6 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The naturally occurring radiations that can have velocities that exceed 0.8 the speed of light has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays. They all differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Alpha particles possess more mass. Hence alpha particles are slow that is involved in the decay process. Due to this they have low penetrating power. They cannot penetrate the body’s outer layer of skin itself.

Beta particles are not as heavy as alpha particle. They are emitted from the radionuclide with a greater velocity. Due to this greater velocity they have high penetrating power than the alpha particle.

Gamma radiation has the velocity equal to that of light. With this great velocity, gamma rays can penetrate organs, tissues, and even bones. They do not form a great number of ion pairs as compared to alpha and beta particles. Therefore, the radiation that has less penetration is alpha particle. The radiation that has more penetrating power is gamma rays.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 25

Ch. 11.1 - The term nuclide is a term used to describe a....Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 11.1 - In the notation carbon-14, the number 14 is a. the...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 11.3 - The explanation for how a beta particle is...

Solution Summary: The author explains that naturally occurring radioactive emissions are alpha particle, beta particle and gamma rays, which differ in the penetration power into a matter and cause ionization.

Chapter 11 Solutions