
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The bond orders of the given molecules and the ions are to be compared with the help of molecular orbital theory.
Concept introduction:
A molecular orbital diagram is a tool that is used to describe the
The formula to calculate the bond order of any species is as follows:
(a)

Answer to Problem 11.45P
The bond orders of
Explanation of Solution
The molecular orbital configuration of
Substitute 8 for bonding and 3 for the antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate the bond order of
The molecular orbital configuration of
Substitute 8 for bonding and 4 for the antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate the bond order of
The molecular orbital configuration of
Substitute 8 for bonding and 2 for the antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate the bond order of
The molecular orbital configuration of
Substitute 8 for bonding and 2 for the antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate the bond order of
The molecular orbital configuration of
Substitute 8 for bonding and 3 for the antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate the bond order of
The molecular orbital configuration of
Substitute 7 for bonding and 2 for the antibonding orbitals in equation (1) to calculate the bond order of
The bond order of the species depends on the number of electrons that are present in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether the magnetic behavior of all the species change or not when ions are formed is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
When a neutral atom gains electrons, it acquires a negative charge on it due to the presence of excess electrons as compared to the protons. This results in the formation of the anion. When a neutral atom loses electrons, it acquires a positive charge on it due to the presence of excess protons as compared to the electrons. This results in the formation of the cation.
Paramagnetism is the property of materials due to which they are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the atoms so the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbitals are paramagnetic. The unpaired electrons have magnetic dipole moment and therefore act like tiny magnets.
Diamagnetism is the property of materials due to which they are slightly repelled by an externally applied magnetic field. It occurs due to the presence of paired electrons so the atoms with all the filled orbitals are diamagnetic.
(b)

Answer to Problem 11.45P
The magnetic behavior of all the molecules does not change when ions are formed.
Explanation of Solution
The molecular orbital configuration of
The molecular orbital configuration of
The molecular orbital configuration of
The molecular orbital configuration of
The molecular orbital configuration of
The molecular orbital configuration of
The magnetic behavior of
The magnetic behavior depends on the availability of the unpaired electrons.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
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