CHEMISTRY (LOOSELEAF) >CUSTOM<
13th Edition
ISBN: 9781264348992
Author: Chang
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 11.145QP
Sketch the cooling curves of water from about 110°C to about −10°C. How would you also show the formation of supercooled liquid below 0°C which then freezes to ice? The pressure is at 1 atm throughout the process. The curves need not be drawn quantitatively.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
The phase diagram for a pure substance is shown above. Use this diagram and your knowledge about changes of phase to answer the following questions.
a) What does point V represent? What characteristics are specific to the system only at point V?.
(b) What does each point on the curve between V and W represent?
(c) Describe the changes that the system undergoes as the temperature slowly increases from X to Y to Z at 1.0 atmosphere.
Note: Please briefly explain A-C. Thank you.
6.The diagram below is an example of Liquid-Vapor(LV) Pressure (P vs Mole
Fraction).Fill out the question marks with correct number of degrees of freedom.
LV Pressure – Composition (LV – PZ) Phase Diagram
|
How to read this phase diagram:
XA = 0
Xe = 1
P = Pg
Xx = 1
• We can designate the fraction of A and B
in the liquid be XA and Xa, while the
fraction of A and B in the gas phase be ya
and Yg-
XB = 0
F=?
Liquid Phase
F=?
• Z, is the composition of A:
• Below the vapor curve, or the bubble
curve, A is pure vapor, and Z, = VA
• Above the liquid curve, or the dew
curve, A is pure liquid, and Z, = Xa
P
P= P
F=?
Vapor Phase
YA = 1
YA = 0
Ya = 1
ZA
Ys = 0
Mercury is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature. When mercury vapor is inhaled, it is readily absorbed by the lungs, causing signifiant
health risks. The enthalpy of vaporization of mercury is 59.1 kJ/mol. The normal boiling point of mercury is 357°C. What is the vapor pressure of
mercury at 39°C? Assume the enthalpy of vaporization does not depend on temperature.
(Enter your answer to two significant figures.)
Vapor pressure =
torr
Chapter 11 Solutions
CHEMISTRY (LOOSELEAF) >CUSTOM<
Ch. 11.2 - Name the type(s) of intermolecular forces that...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 2PECh. 11.2 - Prob. 1RCFCh. 11.2 - Which of the following compounds is most likely to...Ch. 11.3 - Why are motorists advised to use more viscous oils...Ch. 11.4 - When silver crystallizes, it forms face-centered...Ch. 11.4 - Tungsten crystallizes in a body-centered cubic...Ch. 11.4 - Cerium forms face-centered cubic cells when it...Ch. 11.5 - X rays of wavelength 0.154 nm are diffracted from...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 1RCF
Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 2RCFCh. 11.6 - Prob. 5PECh. 11.6 - Copper crystallizes in a face-centered cubic...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 1RCFCh. 11.6 - Prob. 2RCFCh. 11.8 - Prob. 7PECh. 11.8 - Calculate the heat released when 68.0 g of steam...Ch. 11.8 - Prob. 1RCFCh. 11.8 - Prob. 2RCFCh. 11.9 - Which phase diagram (a)(c) corresponds to a...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.1QPCh. 11 - Explain the term polarizability. What kind of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.3QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.4QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.5QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.6QPCh. 11 - The compounds Br2 and ICl have the same number of...Ch. 11 - If you lived in Alaska, which of the following...Ch. 11 - The binary hydrogen compounds of the Group 4A...Ch. 11 - List the types of intermolecular forces that exist...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.11QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.12QPCh. 11 - Arrange the following in order of increasing...Ch. 11 - Diethyl ether has a boiling point of 34.5C, and...Ch. 11 - Which member of each of the following pairs of...Ch. 11 - Which substance in each of the following pairs...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.17QPCh. 11 - What kind of attractive forces must be overcome in...Ch. 11 - The following compounds have the same molecular...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.20QPCh. 11 - Explain why liquids, unlike gases, are virtually...Ch. 11 - What is surface tension? What is the relationship...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.23QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.24QPCh. 11 - A glass can be filled slightly above the rim with...Ch. 11 - Draw diagrams showing the capillary action of (a)...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.27QPCh. 11 - Why does the viscosity of a liquid decrease with...Ch. 11 - Why is ice less dense than water?Ch. 11 - Outdoor water pipes have to be drained or...Ch. 11 - Predict which of the following liquids has greater...Ch. 11 - Predict the viscosity of ethylene glycol relative...Ch. 11 - Define the following terms: crystalline solid,...Ch. 11 - Describe the geometries of the following cubic...Ch. 11 - Classify the solid states in terms of crystal...Ch. 11 - The melting points of the oxides of the...Ch. 11 - What is the coordination number of each sphere in...Ch. 11 - Calculate the number of spheres that would be...Ch. 11 - Metallic iron crystallizes in a cubic lattice. The...Ch. 11 - Barium metal crystallizes in a body-centered cubic...Ch. 11 - Vanadium crystallizes in a body-centered cubic...Ch. 11 - Europium crystallizes in a body-centered cubic...Ch. 11 - Crystalline silicon has a cubic structure. The...Ch. 11 - A face-centered cubic cell contains 8 X atoms at...Ch. 11 - Define X-ray diffraction. What are the typical...Ch. 11 - Write the Bragg equation. Define every term and...Ch. 11 - When X rays of wavelength 0.090 nm are diffracted...Ch. 11 - The distance between layers in a NaCl crystal is...Ch. 11 - Describe and give examples of the following types...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.50QPCh. 11 - A solid is hard, brittle, and electrically...Ch. 11 - A solid is soft and has a low melting point (below...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.53QPCh. 11 - Which of the following are molecular solids and...Ch. 11 - Classify the solid state of the following...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.56QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.57QPCh. 11 - Define glass. What is the chief component of...Ch. 11 - What is a phase change? Name all possible changes...Ch. 11 - What is the equilibrium vapor pressure of a...Ch. 11 - Use any one of the phase changes to explain what...Ch. 11 - Define the following terms: (a) molar heat of...Ch. 11 - How is the molar heat of sublimation related to...Ch. 11 - What can we learn about the intermolecular forces...Ch. 11 - The greater the molar heat of vaporization of a...Ch. 11 - Define boiling point. How does the boiling point...Ch. 11 - As a liquid is heated at constant pressure, its...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.68QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.69QPCh. 11 - How do the boiling points and melting points of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.71QPCh. 11 - Wet clothes dry more quickly on a hot, dry day...Ch. 11 - Which of the following phase transitions gives off...Ch. 11 - A beaker of water is heated to boiling by a Bunsen...Ch. 11 - Calculate the amount of heat (in kJ) required to...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.76QPCh. 11 - How is the rate of evaporation of a liquid...Ch. 11 - The molar heats of fusion and sublimation of...Ch. 11 - The following compounds, listed with their boiling...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.80QPCh. 11 - A student hangs wet clothes outdoors on a winter...Ch. 11 - Steam at 100C causes more serious burns than water...Ch. 11 - Vapor pressure measurements at several different...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.84QPCh. 11 - The vapor pressure of liquid X is lower than that...Ch. 11 - Explain why splashing a small amount of liquid...Ch. 11 - What is a phase diagram? What useful information...Ch. 11 - Explain how waters phase diagram differs from...Ch. 11 - The phase diagram of sulfur is shown. (a) How many...Ch. 11 - A length of wire is placed on top of a block of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.91QPCh. 11 - A phase diagram of water is shown at the end of...Ch. 11 - Name the kinds of attractive forces that must be...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.94QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.95QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.96QPCh. 11 - Referring to Figure 11.41, determine the stable...Ch. 11 - Classify the unit cell of molecular iodine.Ch. 11 - A CO2 fire extinguisher is located on the outside...Ch. 11 - What is the vapor pressure of mercury at its...Ch. 11 - A flask of water is connected to a powerful vacuum...Ch. 11 - The liquid-vapor boundary line in the phase...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.103QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.104QPCh. 11 - In 2009, thousands of babies in China became ill...Ch. 11 - The vapor pressure of a liquid in a closed...Ch. 11 - A student is given four solid samples labeled W,...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.108QPCh. 11 - Note the kettle of boiling water on a stove....Ch. 11 - The south pole of Mars is covered with dry ice,...Ch. 11 - The properties of gases, liquids, and solids...Ch. 11 - Select the substance in each pair that should have...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.113QPCh. 11 - Under the same conditions of temperature and...Ch. 11 - The fluorides of the second-period elements and...Ch. 11 - The standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous...Ch. 11 - The following graph shows approximate plots of ln...Ch. 11 - Determine the final state and its temperature when...Ch. 11 - The distance between Li+ and Cl is 257 pm in solid...Ch. 11 - Heat of hydration, that is, the heat change that...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.121QPCh. 11 - Calculate the H for the following processes at...Ch. 11 - Gaseous or highly volatile liquid anesthetics are...Ch. 11 - A beaker of water is placed in a closed container....Ch. 11 - The phase diagram of helium is shown. Helium is...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.126QPCh. 11 - Ozone (O3) is a strong oxidizing agent that can...Ch. 11 - A sample of limestone (CaCO3) is heated in a...Ch. 11 - Silicon used in computer chips must have an...Ch. 11 - Carbon and silicon belong to Group 4A of the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.131QPCh. 11 - A 1.20-g sample of water is injected into an...Ch. 11 - What are the advantages of cooking the vegetable...Ch. 11 - A quantitative measure of how efficiently spheres...Ch. 11 - Provide an explanation for each of the following...Ch. 11 - Argon crystallizes in the face-centered cubic...Ch. 11 - A chemistry instructor performed the following...Ch. 11 - Given the phase diagram of carbon shown, answer...Ch. 11 - Swimming coaches sometimes suggest that a drop of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.140QPCh. 11 - Why do citrus growers spray their trees with water...Ch. 11 - What is the origin of dark spots on the inner...Ch. 11 - The compound dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) has...Ch. 11 - A student heated a beaker of cold water (on a...Ch. 11 - Sketch the cooling curves of water from about 110C...Ch. 11 - Iron crystallizes in a body-centered cubic...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.147QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.148QPCh. 11 - Prob. 11.149QPCh. 11 - A sample of water shows the following behavior as...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.151QPCh. 11 - Assuming ideal behavior, calculate the density of...Ch. 11 - Both calcium and strontium crystallize in...Ch. 11 - Is the vapor pressure of a liquid more sensitive...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.155QPCh. 11 - Without the aid of instruments, give two examples...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- The vapor pressure of ethanol, C2H5OH, at 50.0 C is 233 mmHg, and its normal boiling point at 1 atm is 78.3 C. Calculate the vapH of ethanol.arrow_forwardFollow the step-wise process outlined in Problem 31 to calculate the amount of heat involved in condensing 100.00 g of benzene gas (C6H6) at 80.00C to liquid benzene at 25.00C. Use Tables 8.1 and 8.2 for the specific heat, boiling point, and heat of vaporization of benzene.arrow_forwardWhich would you expect to have the higher fusion enthalpy, N2 or I2? Explain your choice.arrow_forward
- Determine the vapor pressure of a liquid in kPa at 383 K. The enthalpy change is 29 kJ/mol. At 310 K, its vapor pressure is 19 kPa. Use this information to estimate the pressure of the vapor at the first temperature. Hint: You must put the enthalpy value into J/mol to cancel units with R. Round your answer so that it has 1 decimal place. R= 8.314 J/(mol*K) Your Answer:arrow_forwardHow long would it take to convert 100.0 grams of solid sodium at 20.0°C to sodium vapor at 1000.0°C if the heating rate at a pressure of one atm is 8.0 kJ?min–1? The melting point of sodium is 97.8°C; its boiling point is 883°C; its molar enthalpy of fusion is2.60 kJ?mol–1; its molar enthalpy of vaporization is 97.4 kJ?mol–1; and the heat capacities of solid, liquid, and gaseous sodium are 28.2 J?mol–1?K–1, 30.8 J?mol–1?K–1, and 20.8 J?mol–1?K–1, respectively. Answer: 70 mins, but i need the steps.arrow_forward7arrow_forward
- The triple point for water is T=273.16 K, P=611 Pa. At this temperature, the heat of vaporization is ∆(g,l)H = 45.05 kJ/mol and heat of fusion is ∆(l,s) H =6.01 kJ/mol. In a cold and dry morning the winter (T=268.15 K, vapor pressure of water is 266.6 Pa), will you see some frost?arrow_forwardThe vapor pressure of liquid HF is 339.6 mmHg at a temperature of 271.7 K. The enthalpy of vaporization, ΔHvap, for this liquid is 25.2 kJ/mol. What is the vapor pressure of HF at a temperature of 286.2 K, in mmHg?arrow_forwardWhy does steam at 100 °C cause a more severe burn than liquid water at 100 °C?arrow_forward
- 578,070 J of heat is required to raise the temperature of 15.0 moles of liquid methanol, CH3OH, from 25.0 °C to its boiling point (64.6 °C) and then to completely evaporate the methanol at that temperature. The specific heat of liquid methanol is 2.53 J g^-1 K ^-1 . Calculate the enthalpy of vaporisation of the compound.arrow_forwardWhat phase changes will take place when water is subjected to varying pressure at a constant temperature of 0.005 °C? At 40 °C? At −40 °C?arrow_forwardThe phase diagram for the pure substance X is shown at right. The temperature of a sample of pure solid X is slowly raised from 10°C to 100°C at a constant pressure of 0.5 atm. 1.5 What is the expected behavior of the substance? 1.0 А. It first melts to a liquid and then boils at about 70°C. В. It first melts to a liquid and then boils at about 30°C. 0.5 It melts to a liquid at a temperature of about 20°C and remains a liquid until the temperature is greater than 100°C. С. 0 20 40 60 80 100 D. It sublimes to vapor at an equilibrium temperature of about 20° C. Temperature (°C) Pressure (atm)arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079243
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Principles and Practice
Chemistry
ISBN:9780534420123
Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward Mercer
Publisher:Cengage Learning
General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305580343
Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; Darrell
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Types of Matter: Elements, Compounds and Mixtures; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dggHWvFJ8Xs;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY