
Concept explainers
In Exercises 6—10, we consider the phenomenon of radioactive decay which, from experimentation, we know behaves according to the law:
The rate at which a quantity of a radioactive isotope decays is proportional to the amount of the isotope present. The proportionality constant depends only on which radioactive isotope is used.
10. The radioactive isotope I-131 is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. When administered to a patient, I-131 accumulates in the thyroid gland, where it decays and kills part of that gland.
(a) Suppose that it takes 72 hours to ship I-131 from the producer to the hospital.
What percentage of the original amount shipped actually arrives at the hospital? (See Exercise 7.)
(b) If the I- 131 is stored at the hospital for an additional 48 hours before it is used, how much of the original amount shipped from the producer is left when it is used?
(c) How long will it take for the I-131 to decay completely so that the remnants can be thrown away without special precautions?

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Chapter 1 Solutions
Differential Equations
- Using Karnaugh maps and Gray coding, reduce the following circuit represented as a table and write the final circuit in simplest form (first in terms of number of gates then in terms of fan-in of those gates). HINT: Pay closeattention to both the 1’s and the 0’s of the function.arrow_forwardRecall the RSA encryption/decryption system. The following questions are based on RSA. Suppose n (=15) is the product of the two prime numbers 3 and 5.1. Find an encryption key e for for the pair (e, n)2. Find a decryption key d for for the pair (d, n)3. Given the plaintext message x = 3, find the ciphertext y = x^(e) (where x^e is the message x encoded with encryption key e)4. Given the ciphertext message y (which you found in previous part), Show that the original message x = 3 can be recovered using (d, n)arrow_forwardTheorem 1: A number n ∈ N is divisible by 3 if and only if when n is writtenin base 10 the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. As an example, 132 is divisible by 3 and 1 + 3 + 2 is divisible by 3.1. Prove Theorem 1 2. Using Theorem 1 construct an NFA over the alphabet Σ = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}which recognizes the language {w ∈ Σ^(∗)| w = 3k, k ∈ N}.arrow_forward
- Recall the RSA encryption/decryption system. The following questions are based on RSA. Suppose n (=15) is the product of the two prime numbers 3 and 5.1. Find an encryption key e for for the pair (e, n)2. Find a decryption key d for for the pair (d, n)3. Given the plaintext message x = 3, find the ciphertext y = x^(e) (where x^e is the message x encoded with encryption key e)4. Given the ciphertext message y (which you found in previous part), Show that the original message x = 3 can be recovered using (d, n)arrow_forwardFind the sum of products expansion of the function F(x, y, z) = ¯x · y + x · z in two ways: (i) using a table; and (ii) using Boolean identities.arrow_forwardGive both a machine-level description (i.e., step-by-step description in words) and a state-diagram for a Turing machine that accepts all words over the alphabet {a, b} where the number of a’s is greater than or equal to the number of b’s.arrow_forward
- Compute (7^ (25)) mod 11 via the algorithm for modular exponentiation.arrow_forwardProve that the sum of the degrees in the interior angles of any convex polygon with n ≥ 3 sides is (n − 2) · 180. For the base case, you must prove that a triangle has angles summing to 180 degrees. You are permitted to use thefact when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal that corresponding angles are equal.arrow_forwardAnswer the following questions about rational and irrational numbers.1. Prove or disprove: If a and b are rational numbers then a^b is rational.2. Prove or disprove: If a and b are irrational numbers then a^b is irrational.arrow_forward
- Prove the following using structural induction: For any rooted binary tree T the number of vertices |T| in T satisfies the inequality |T| ≤ (2^ (height(T)+1)) − 1.arrow_forward(a) Prove that if p is a prime number and p|k^2 for some integer k then p|k.(b) Using Part (a), prove or disprove: √3 ∈ Q.arrow_forwardProvide a context-free grammar for the language {a^ (i) b^ (j) c^ (k) | i, j, k ∈ N, i = j or i = k}. Briefly explain (no formal proof needed) why your context-free grammar is correct and show that it produces the word aaabbccc.arrow_forward
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