Microbiology: An Introduction
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321929150
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 10, Problem 3R
DRAW IT Use the additional information below to construct a cladogram for some of the organisms used in question 4. What is the purpose of a cladogram? How does your cladogram differ from a dichotomous key for these organisms?
| Similarity in rRNA Bases | |
| P. aeruginosa—M. pneumoniae | 52% |
| P. aeruginosa—c. botulinum | 52% |
| P. aeruginosa—E. coli | 79% |
| M, pneumoniae—C. botulinum | 65% |
| M. pneumoniae—E. coli | 52% |
| E. coli—C. botulinum | 52% |
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From the pictures interpret the tree using real branch lengths. What can you infer?
How many major clades can you see? Do they belong to the same class, order, family, and genus? Why or why not?
The universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help
to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA
sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses.
What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic
analysis compared with DNA sequences?
▸ View Available Hint(s)
SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA.
SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not.
Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis.
Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids.
DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…
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Chapter 10 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction
Ch. 10 - Which of the following organisms are most closely...Ch. 10 - Here is some additional information on the...Ch. 10 - DRAW IT Use the additional information below to...Ch. 10 - DRAW IT Use the information in the table below to...Ch. 10 - NAME IT Use the key in the Applications of...Ch. 10 - Sergeys Manual of Systematic Bactenoiogy differs...Ch. 10 - Bacillus and Lactobacillus are not in the same...Ch. 10 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 10 - Which of the following is false about scientific...Ch. 10 - You could identify an unknown bacterium by all of...
Ch. 10 - The wall-less mycoplasmas are considered to be...Ch. 10 - Use the following choices to answer questions 7...Ch. 10 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 10 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 10 - Use the following choices to answer questions 9...Ch. 10 - The GC content of Micrococcus is 66-75 moles %,...Ch. 10 - Describe the use of a DNA probe and PCR for: a....Ch. 10 - SF medium is a selective medium, developed in the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 1CAECh. 10 - Prob. 2CAECh. 10 - Prob. 3CAE
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- Give 5 species of genus agrobacterium. Then make a clade. The clade must observe the rules of constructing a cladogram. Synapomorphies must describe all organisms above it but not below it.arrow_forwardStudy the sequences below. Construct a molecular cladogram from the different amino acid sequences given. Assume that the sequences are already compared between species and have been aligned as shown. Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ACT G G C G AT C G 1 2 3 4 5 A C A G ACT G C G C G C T T C G T T C G T C G C A T C G T A C G A C G A C T G C C G T T C G C A T C G T A C G A C T G GAA C G GATC GA C G A T C G C A T C G т A C Garrow_forwardmake a drawing of a phylogenetic tree that contains all 3 domains of life. The tree should include at least three different animals, two plants, chemoheterotrophic bacteria, photoautotrophic bacteria, chemoheterotrophic archaea, thermophilic archaea and fungi. Identify both primary endosymbiosis events on the tree and draw a line to connect it to the organism that would become the future organelle.arrow_forward
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to use a microscope and describe tiny animalcules. What is an animalcule? Describe major characteristics of an animalcule in terms of microbiology. Describe the size and living state of these animalcules. Please include: How are animalcules classified/identified? How do you form these classification groups? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt ✓ Paragraph B IU А VT² V ⠀arrow_forwardGenerate a present (1) or absent (0) code of each character. Afterward, draw the overall phylogenetic tree with the corresponding characters splitting the tree.arrow_forwardPlease create a phylogenetic (evolutionary) tree given this criteria and follow all points! There are three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Start by drawing these three main branches. Then add branches for plants, animals, fungi, and protists. When adding all these branches, don't just add them randomly. The branching pattern reflects evolutionary relationships. You should use the relationships/branching patterns. Then add additional branches for • three species of bacteria • three species of archaea three species of plants three species of animals • three species of fungi • three species of protists (single-celled eukaryotes) You can pick any species you want. For each species, be sure to add 1 synapomorphy (shared derived character) that defines the species or group. • Finally, label the tree with all the terms (parts of a tree, not phylogenetic groups) when describing a phylogenetic tree.arrow_forward
- What are the 4 characteristics/properties of rRNA genes which make them good molecular chronometers. Why viruses are not found in the tree of life? Why might viable cell cultures be of more use in microbial taxonomy than preserved specimens? Is it possible to provide a formal name for a microorganism that has not been cultivated in isolation? What kind of name might be used if a microorganism is well-characterized but cannot yet be cultivated in isolation?arrow_forwardIn studying Lokiarchaeota, researchers identified eukaryotic signature genes and used this information to better understand the relationship between archaeans and eukaryotes. Many other types of genetic analysis can be used that focus on certain types of genes. One example of this is multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which focuses on examining genes called housekeeping genes. Microbes encode both housekeeping and pathogenic genes in their genome. Drag the examples of genes to the correct bins to indicate whether they are housekeeping genes, pathogenic genes, or eukaryotic signature genes. Place the phrase describing a gene product in the correct bin. ► View Available Hint(s) peptidoglycan synthesis genes Housekeeping genes membrane remodeling genes cytoskeletal genes membrane lipid genes Pathogenic genes endotoxin genes Reset ribosomal genes exotoxin genes Eukaryotic signature genes Helparrow_forwardcan you explian how to solve thisarrow_forward
- Based on this matrix, is my cladogram correctly done? 1.a) What species on the cladogram are endothermic (fully endothermic species only=those that maintain their body temperature only with their metabolism = not sharks for instance)? 1.b) Considering the location and relationship of endotherms on the cladogram, what type of character (homologous, homoplasy: convergence or reversal) do you think endothermy is? try to use specific terminology: character, homologous characters, nom homologous characters, character states (or evolutionary stages of a character), ancestral (plesiomorphic), derived (apomorphic), homoplasy, convergence, reversal....arrow_forwardChoose the correct answers. Q1: It is a practice of making hypotheses about taxonomic relationships. A. Phylogeny B. Phenetics C. Cladistics D. Phylogenetics Q2: Which of the following statements is true about the protein Cytochrome C? A. Its secondary structure is made up of beta helices B. It is involved in the cellular respiration particularly in glycolysis C. It is involved in the cell’s apoptosis D. It is highly varied among a wide spectrum organism suggesting huge changes throughout the history of life Q3: It is the study of the diversity of life forms and the evolutionary relationships of organisms. A. Systematics B. Cladistics C. Fossils D. Embryologyarrow_forwardGive typing answer with explanation and conclusionarrow_forward
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