
Concept explainers
To determine: Whether the populations of both asexually and sexually reproducing organisms will become “completely sexual or asexual”.
Introduction: Various organisms have different methods of reproduction. There are, however, two broad modes of reproduction. The first is asexual reproduction, and the second is sexual reproduction. In the case of asexual reproduction, the organism does not exchange the nuclear material, and the progeny produced is the exact clone of the parent organism. In sexual reproduction, there is exchange of gametes, resulting in variation between species.

Explanation of Solution
No, the organisms that reproduce their progeny both sexually and asexually will not become completely sexual or asexual because both these types have their own merits and demerits. Both are essential for the propagation of generation due to environmental factors; that is why natural selection has not wiped out one of their modes of reproduction.
Asexual reproduction consumes less energy, less time, and fewer
There are, on the other hand, its own merits such as the selection of favorable traits, variation. Asexual-reproducing organisms have benefits for adaptation with a change in the environment due to which they can survive through the process of natural selection, selective interference, recombination, and mutations. They play an important role in the evolution of new genes, sexual selection, and maintaining vigor to fight inbreeding depression.
These organisms have better adaptations, new characters, and maintain their vigor through a sexual mode of reproduction on one hand. They ensure the survival of ample
To determine: The factors that help in maintaining both the modes of reproduction.
Introduction: Various organisms have different methods of reproduction. There are, however, two broad modes of reproduction. The first is asexual reproduction, and the second is sexual reproduction. In the case of asexual reproduction, the organism does not exchange the nuclear material, and the progeny produced is the exact clone of the parent organism. In sexual reproduction, there is exchange of gametes, resulting in variation between species.

Explanation of Solution
The factors that help to maintain sexual reproduction within a population are as follows:
- Presence of selective interference.
- Integration of adaptations into genetic material.
- Acquisition of characters.
- Maintenance and rejuvenation of vigor by removing inbreeding depression.
- Generating variations and positive mutations.
- Survival in natural selection.
- Recombination of nuclear material.
The factors that help to maintain asexual reproduction within a population are as follows:
- Reproductive insurance where every member can reproduce instead of half of the population as in sexual-reproducing organism.
- Takes minimal amount of time and quick process for increasing population size; does not take a long time in the maturation of sexual organs.
- No distinct organs are required for reproduction.
- Less expenditure on energy and resources.
- The process of mating is not required in asexual reproduction. It does not require the formation of a large number of gametes for successful fertilization.
To determine: Importance of organisms such as fish, insects, and crustaceans in the study of the factors that maintain sexual reproduction.
Introduction: Various organisms have different methods of reproduction. There are, however, two broad modes of reproduction. The first is asexual reproduction, and the second is sexual reproduction. In the case of asexual reproduction, the organism does not exchange the nuclear material, and the progeny produced is the exact clone of the parent organism. In sexual reproduction, there is exchange of gametes, resulting in variation between species.

Explanation of Solution
Organisms such as fish, insects, and crustaceans provide a critical framework for evolutionary studies. Their genetic composition has provided a lot of information about how this group of organisms transformed into other organisms. There are a number of evidences that reveal about the importance of sexual reproduction in these groups. The evolution of new characters is a very complex and incredibly a slower process but a changing environment increases the rate of variation among the member of species. Hence, sexual reproduction is also affected by the changing environmental conditions. These organisms provide information regarding evolutionary process that has occurred during millions of years.
These organisms provided a lineage of genes associated with their species. They have also provided critical information about the factors and conditions that were involved in their adaptation to the changing environment. These changes were the result of the variation for maximizing their fitness for the survival in the new environment. They project framework of the evolution of a single organism into new forms.. The difference in gene and genetic content helps one to know how organisms changed and adapted to the new environment.
Some of the examples of the importance of these animals for these factors are as follows:
- Loss of expression to reduce the size of pelvic girdle in three-spine stickleback fish.
- Mutations in the Hox gene of Drosophila melanogaster helped the evolution of the antennae into legs.
The main factors responsible for maintaining sexual reproduction in these organisms are:
- The changes required for adjustment to the new environment is caused by the exchange of genetic material and variation by meiosis and fertilization events of the sexual reproduction.
- The limitation of resources in an environment forces organism to shift to the new energy source and the development of pathways for the utilization of that source is only possible by variations.
- The increased competition with the member of the species forces member of species, to be fit and acquisition of novel trait by sexual reproduction leads to the increase of the overall fitness.
- The increase in competition with the members of the other species for resources and area can result in the quest for survival and development of new strategies or migration of the population towards new area both requires adaptation which inculcates with the help of sexual reproduction.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
- Design a grafting experiment to determine if limb mesoderm determines forelimb / hindlimb identity. Include the experiment, a control, and an interpretation in your answer.arrow_forwardThe Snapdragon is a popular garden flower that comes in a variety of colours, including red, yellow, and orange. The genotypes and associated phenotypes for some of these flowers are as follows: aabb: yellow AABB, AABb, AaBb, and AaBB: red AAbb and Aabb: orange aaBB: yellow aaBb: ? Based on this information, what would the phenotype of a Snapdragon with the genotype aaBb be and why? Question 21 options: orange because A is epistatic to B yellow because A is epistatic to B red because B is epistatic to A orange because B is epistatic to A red because A is epistatic to B yellow because B is epistatic to Aarrow_forwardA sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forward
- A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forward
- Which ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardWhich ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardDuring a routine medical check up of a healthy man it was found that his haematocrit value was highly unusual – value of 60%. What one of the options below is the most likely reason? He will have a diet high in iron. He is likely to be suffering from anaemia. He lives at high altitude. He has recently recovered from an accident where he lost a lot of blood. He has a very large body size.arrow_forward
- Explain what age of culture is most likely to produce an endospore?arrow_forwardExplain why hot temperatures greater than 45 degrees celsius would not initiate the sporulation process in endospores?arrow_forwardEndospore stain: Consider tube 2 of the 7-day bacillus culture. After is was heated, it was incubated for 24 hours then refrigerated. Do you think the cloudiness in this tube is due mostly to vegetative cells or to endospores? Explain your reasoningarrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningConcepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeBiology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning




