To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect. Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 1, Problem 9Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

B.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “Bacterial DNA is found in the cytosol” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The cytosol is an aqueous medium in which the membrane-bound organelles float in eukaryotic organisms having the chemical composition of water, dissolved ions, polar molecules and proteins. In prokaryotes, they are the site of action of chemical reactions associated with cell metabolism.

C.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “plants are composed of prokaryotic cells” is correct or not.

Introduction: Cells are of two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are primitive; lack membrane bound cell organelles and a nucleus. The genetic material is present in the cytosol.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all of the nucleated cells within a single multicellular organism have the same number of chromosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chromosomes which make up the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes are thin, thread-like structures visible at the time of cell division. They are DNA in compacted form, held together by basic proteins called Histones. The chromosome number varies between the somatic and sex cells. The somatic cells have 2n number and sex cells have n number of chromosomes. The chromosome number remains the same for a single species, and they vary greatly between species.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The cytosol includes membrane-enclosed organelles, such as lysosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Lysosomes are minute, single-membrane-bound organelles that perform the function of intracellular digestion and degradation of molecules for recycling within the cell or for cellular level excretion. They are the site of degradation of large and small molecules.

F.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

G.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

H.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the sites of degradation of unwanted materials is correct or not.

Introduction: Peroxisomes are minute, single-membrane-bound vesicles that give a safe reaction site for reactive oxygen species or oxy radicals such as H₂O₂ and other toxic radicals.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

a. What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. b. What will happen to elimination of the drug in the previous question if the system is saturated? explain and show any math involved

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 1, Problem 9Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

B.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “Bacterial DNA is found in the cytosol” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The cytosol is an aqueous medium in which the membrane-bound organelles float in eukaryotic organisms having the chemical composition of water, dissolved ions, polar molecules and proteins. In prokaryotes, they are the site of action of chemical reactions associated with cell metabolism.

C.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “plants are composed of prokaryotic cells” is correct or not.

Introduction: Cells are of two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are primitive; lack membrane bound cell organelles and a nucleus. The genetic material is present in the cytosol.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all of the nucleated cells within a single multicellular organism have the same number of chromosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chromosomes which make up the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes are thin, thread-like structures visible at the time of cell division. They are DNA in compacted form, held together by basic proteins called Histones. The chromosome number varies between the somatic and sex cells. The somatic cells have 2n number and sex cells have n number of chromosomes. The chromosome number remains the same for a single species, and they vary greatly between species.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The cytosol includes membrane-enclosed organelles, such as lysosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Lysosomes are minute, single-membrane-bound organelles that perform the function of intracellular digestion and degradation of molecules for recycling within the cell or for cellular level excretion. They are the site of degradation of large and small molecules.

F.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

G.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

H.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the sites of degradation of unwanted materials is correct or not.

Introduction: Peroxisomes are minute, single-membrane-bound vesicles that give a safe reaction site for reactive oxygen species or oxy radicals such as H₂O₂ and other toxic radicals.

Expert Solution & Answer

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See solution

Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 1, Problem 9Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

B.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “Bacterial DNA is found in the cytosol” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The cytosol is an aqueous medium in which the membrane-bound organelles float in eukaryotic organisms having the chemical composition of water, dissolved ions, polar molecules and proteins. In prokaryotes, they are the site of action of chemical reactions associated with cell metabolism.

C.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “plants are composed of prokaryotic cells” is correct or not.

Introduction: Cells are of two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are primitive; lack membrane bound cell organelles and a nucleus. The genetic material is present in the cytosol.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all of the nucleated cells within a single multicellular organism have the same number of chromosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chromosomes which make up the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes are thin, thread-like structures visible at the time of cell division. They are DNA in compacted form, held together by basic proteins called Histones. The chromosome number varies between the somatic and sex cells. The somatic cells have 2n number and sex cells have n number of chromosomes. The chromosome number remains the same for a single species, and they vary greatly between species.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The cytosol includes membrane-enclosed organelles, such as lysosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Lysosomes are minute, single-membrane-bound organelles that perform the function of intracellular digestion and degradation of molecules for recycling within the cell or for cellular level excretion. They are the site of degradation of large and small molecules.

F.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

G.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

H.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the sites of degradation of unwanted materials is correct or not.

Introduction: Peroxisomes are minute, single-membrane-bound vesicles that give a safe reaction site for reactive oxygen species or oxy radicals such as H₂O₂ and other toxic radicals.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 1, Problem 9Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

B.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “Bacterial DNA is found in the cytosol” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The cytosol is an aqueous medium in which the membrane-bound organelles float in eukaryotic organisms having the chemical composition of water, dissolved ions, polar molecules and proteins. In prokaryotes, they are the site of action of chemical reactions associated with cell metabolism.

C.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “plants are composed of prokaryotic cells” is correct or not.

Introduction: Cells are of two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are primitive; lack membrane bound cell organelles and a nucleus. The genetic material is present in the cytosol.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all of the nucleated cells within a single multicellular organism have the same number of chromosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chromosomes which make up the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes are thin, thread-like structures visible at the time of cell division. They are DNA in compacted form, held together by basic proteins called Histones. The chromosome number varies between the somatic and sex cells. The somatic cells have 2n number and sex cells have n number of chromosomes. The chromosome number remains the same for a single species, and they vary greatly between species.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The cytosol includes membrane-enclosed organelles, such as lysosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Lysosomes are minute, single-membrane-bound organelles that perform the function of intracellular digestion and degradation of molecules for recycling within the cell or for cellular level excretion. They are the site of degradation of large and small molecules.

F.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

G.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

H.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the sites of degradation of unwanted materials is correct or not.

Introduction: Peroxisomes are minute, single-membrane-bound vesicles that give a safe reaction site for reactive oxygen species or oxy radicals such as H₂O₂ and other toxic radicals.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 1, Problem 9Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

B.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “Bacterial DNA is found in the cytosol” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The cytosol is an aqueous medium in which the membrane-bound organelles float in eukaryotic organisms having the chemical composition of water, dissolved ions, polar molecules and proteins. In prokaryotes, they are the site of action of chemical reactions associated with cell metabolism.

C.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “plants are composed of prokaryotic cells” is correct or not.

Introduction: Cells are of two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are primitive; lack membrane bound cell organelles and a nucleus. The genetic material is present in the cytosol.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all of the nucleated cells within a single multicellular organism have the same number of chromosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chromosomes which make up the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes are thin, thread-like structures visible at the time of cell division. They are DNA in compacted form, held together by basic proteins called Histones. The chromosome number varies between the somatic and sex cells. The somatic cells have 2n number and sex cells have n number of chromosomes. The chromosome number remains the same for a single species, and they vary greatly between species.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The cytosol includes membrane-enclosed organelles, such as lysosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Lysosomes are minute, single-membrane-bound organelles that perform the function of intracellular digestion and degradation of molecules for recycling within the cell or for cellular level excretion. They are the site of degradation of large and small molecules.

F.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

G.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

H.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the sites of degradation of unwanted materials is correct or not.

Introduction: Peroxisomes are minute, single-membrane-bound vesicles that give a safe reaction site for reactive oxygen species or oxy radicals such as H₂O₂ and other toxic radicals.

Answer 6

Chapter 1, Problem 9Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

Answer 7

Chapter 1, Problem 9Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

Answer 8

B.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “Bacterial DNA is found in the cytosol” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The cytosol is an aqueous medium in which the membrane-bound organelles float in eukaryotic organisms having the chemical composition of water, dissolved ions, polar molecules and proteins. In prokaryotes, they are the site of action of chemical reactions associated with cell metabolism.

Answer 9

B.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “Bacterial DNA is found in the cytosol” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The cytosol is an aqueous medium in which the membrane-bound organelles float in eukaryotic organisms having the chemical composition of water, dissolved ions, polar molecules and proteins. In prokaryotes, they are the site of action of chemical reactions associated with cell metabolism.

Answer 10

C.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “plants are composed of prokaryotic cells” is correct or not.

Introduction: Cells are of two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are primitive; lack membrane bound cell organelles and a nucleus. The genetic material is present in the cytosol.

Answer 11

C.

Summary Introduction

To examine: Whether the statement “plants are composed of prokaryotic cells” is correct or not.

Introduction: Cells are of two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are primitive; lack membrane bound cell organelles and a nucleus. The genetic material is present in the cytosol.

Answer 12

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all of the nucleated cells within a single multicellular organism have the same number of chromosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chromosomes which make up the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes are thin, thread-like structures visible at the time of cell division. They are DNA in compacted form, held together by basic proteins called Histones. The chromosome number varies between the somatic and sex cells. The somatic cells have 2n number and sex cells have n number of chromosomes. The chromosome number remains the same for a single species, and they vary greatly between species.

Answer 13

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all of the nucleated cells within a single multicellular organism have the same number of chromosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have chromosomes which make up the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes are thin, thread-like structures visible at the time of cell division. They are DNA in compacted form, held together by basic proteins called Histones. The chromosome number varies between the somatic and sex cells. The somatic cells have 2n number and sex cells have n number of chromosomes. The chromosome number remains the same for a single species, and they vary greatly between species.

Answer 14

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The cytosol includes membrane-enclosed organelles, such as lysosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Lysosomes are minute, single-membrane-bound organelles that perform the function of intracellular digestion and degradation of molecules for recycling within the cell or for cellular level excretion. They are the site of degradation of large and small molecules.

Answer 15

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The cytosol includes membrane-enclosed organelles, such as lysosomes” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: Lysosomes are minute, single-membrane-bound organelles that perform the function of intracellular digestion and degradation of molecules for recycling within the cell or for cellular level excretion. They are the site of degradation of large and small molecules.

Answer 16

F.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 17

F.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 18

G.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

Answer 19

G.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

Answer 20

H.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the sites of degradation of unwanted materials is correct or not.

Introduction: Peroxisomes are minute, single-membrane-bound vesicles that give a safe reaction site for reactive oxygen species or oxy radicals such as H₂O₂ and other toxic radicals.

Answer 21

H.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether the statement “Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the sites of degradation of unwanted materials is correct or not.

Introduction: Peroxisomes are minute, single-membrane-bound vesicles that give a safe reaction site for reactive oxygen species or oxy radicals such as H₂O₂ and other toxic radicals.

Answer 22

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Answer 23

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 24

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Answer 25

Ch. 1 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 1 - Prob. 10Q

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect. Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

Videos

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 1 Solutions

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect. Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

Videos

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect. Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not. Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not. Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 1 Solutions

To examine: Whether the statement “the hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins” is correct or incorrect.

Introduction: The genetic material of the cell passes on the hereditary information from the parent to offspring.

To explain: Whether the statement “The nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane” is correct or not.

Introduction: Nucleus and mitochondria are cell organelles found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

To explain: Whether the statement “Protozoans are complex organisms with a set of specialized cells that form tissues, such as flagella, mouthparts, stinging darts, and leglike appendages” is correct or not.

Introduction: Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular.