The Analysis of Biological Data
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781936221486
Author: Michael C. Whitlock, Dolph Schluter
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 1, Problem 8PP
a)
To determine
To find:The explanatory variable and the response variable.
b)
To determine
To explain: Whether the provided study is an observational study or an experimental study.
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What is a confounding variable in research, and how can it affect the results of a study? Provide an example of a confounding variable in a hypothetical study.
Whether a woman become pregnant in the next year is a categorical variable with categories (yes-no), and whether she and her partner use contraceptives is another categorical variable with categories (yes-no). Would you expect these variables to be statistically independent, or associated? Explain.
Was the study an experiment (see Chapter 11) or quasi-experiment (see Chapter 12)? How do you know?
Levine, L. J., Burgess, S. L., & Laney, C. (2008). Effects of discrete emotions on young children’s suggestibility. Developmental Psychology, 44, 681–694.
Purpose of the Study. Levine, Burgess, and Laney (2008) conducted a study to investigate the effect of children’s emotions on their memory abilities and the likelihood that their memory accuracy would decline due to leading questions about their memories for a story. This knowledge may be useful in determining the conditions under which children’s memories are less likely to be accurate, which is important in various applied situations, such as when children must testify in court about something they experienced.
Method of the Study. Four- and six-year-old children participated in the study. Each child was presented with three stories. A task at the end of each story was designed to elicit happiness, sadness, or anger. This…
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The Analysis of Biological Data
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- What are the requirements for an experiment to be able to show that changes in one variable cause changes in another?arrow_forwardDoes quality of communication improve after people are married? Let’s consider a study by Olthoff (1989) who tested the communication quality of engaged couples three months before and again three months after marriage. In this study, 12 couples received ordinary premarital counseling. We will examine the communication quality of the husbands in this study, where higher scores indicate better communication quality. Husband Pre-score Post-score 1 115 126 2 125 133 3 96 126 4 115 115 5 119 108 6 82 109 7 93 124 8 109 98 9 95 95 10 104 120 11 107 118 12 96 128 Therefore, the research hypothesis is that the quality of communication changes after husbands are married. Hint: Make sure you do Post-Pre. Step 1. Express the substantive question as two statistical hypotheses. H0: Answer Answer Answer H1: Answer Answer Answer Step 2. Draw the sampling…arrow_forward"Bullying," according to noted expert Dan Olweus, "poisons the educational environment and affects the learning of every child." Bullying and victimization are evident as early as preschool, with the problem peaking in middle school. Suppose you are interested in the emotional well-being of not only the victims but also bystanders, bullies, and those who bully but who are also victims (bully-victims). You decide to measure depression in a group of bully-victims and a group of bystanders using an 18-item, 5-point depression scale. Assume scores on the depression scale are normally distributed and that the variances of the depression scores are the same among bully-victims and bystanders. The group of 39 bully-victims scored an average of 51.6 with a sample standard deviation of 9 on the depression scale. The group of 31 bystanders scored an average of 45.2 with a sample standard deviation of 12 on the same scale. You do not have any presupposed assumptions about whether bully-victims or…arrow_forward
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