(a)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and the response variable of the hypothetical follow-up study conducted to determine the relationship between warfarin resistances in house mice with the presence of the mutations of the vkore I gene.
(b)
To explain:
About the explanatory variable and response variable of a study which is conducted to identify an effective treatment from two treatments of naturopathic care and standardized psychotherapy for a sample of eighty-one individuals that having moderate to severe anxiety.
(c)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and response variable of the study of brain activity in response to the images versus reward sensitivity of subjects.
(d)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and response variable in the study of the relationship between growth of cancer tumors versus the dose of endostatin which injected to mice daily.
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The Analysis of Biological Data
- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardA paper published in the Journal of Dermatology and Venereology reported that nickel allergy more likely to occur in women who report cosmetic dermatitis from using eye shadow. The researcher has taken two samples in their study from a similar population. In the first sample of 131 women with cosmetic dermatitis from using eye shadow, 12 were diagnosed with a nickel allergy. While in the second sample of 250 women with cosmetic dermatitis from using eye shadow, 25 were diagnosed with a nickel allergy. Compute a 95% confidence interval that is a closely related but simpler alternative to Wilson's Method for the first and the second samples for the proportion of women with cosmetic dermatitis from using eye shadow who have a nickel allergy. (i) (ii) Compare the two confidence intervals you compute in (i). (i) Suppose you are informed that the true proportion of women diagnosed with a nickel allergy is 0.12. Explain it refers to which group.arrow_forwardWhich of the independent variables retains the strongest association with the number of children a respondent has when all other variables in the model are controlled?arrow_forward
- A study claims that the combination of vitamin C with vitamin E is more effective for preventing the flu than vitamin C alone. In the study, a group of researchers studied 1072 subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three study groups. The first group of 410 subjects were instructed to take 600 mg daily of vitamin C. The second group of 358 subjects were instructed to take 600 mg of vitamin C and 200 IU of vitamin E daily. The third group of 304 subjects were instructed to take 600 mg of vitamin C and 400 IU of vitamin E daily. The incidence of flu over a season was recorded. All subjects knew which treatment they were receiving. The study reported that 300 subjects in each group self-reported no flu for the season, so the vitamin E does not help fight the flu. This statement is false because:• not all groups have the same number of subjects.• not all the subjects took vitamin C.• the amount of vitamin C was different. It would be better to show the results…arrow_forwardAn analysis is performed on vacant land parcels in the city of Thunder Bay to find out whether or not they are randomly distributed. A sample area of 24 square kilometers was studied and divided into quadrats, with the following summary: 3 4 5 3 5 3 Calculate the following statistics: -the mean number of points per cell -the variance: s2 -the variance-to-mean ratio, VMR -the test statistic, x2*Identify the selection below that contains the correct values for these statistics in the same order they are listed. 5.333, 3.37, 2.414, 19.312 24, 9, 1.77, 11.8 3, 2.25, 0.75, 6.0 3.141, 9, 1.893, 15.144 3, 2.25, 1.3333, 10.66arrow_forwardA study is testing the effectiveness of a new allergy medication. Sixty people who reported they experience allergies were randomly assigned to one of two groups: one with the new medication, and another with a placebo. After two weeks, the subjects were surveyed by technicians to determine their level of allergic symptoms. Which of the following would benefit this experiment the most? A. This experiment should be double blind. Neither the subject nor the technician should know which group is receiving the new medication and which is receiving the placebo. This method would control for the placebo effect and prevent any effect on the response. B. This experiment should be single blind. The subjects do not know which treatment they are receiving to control for the placebo effect, but the technicians need to know which group received which treatment. C. This experiment should be single blind. The subjects know which treatment they are receiving but the technicians do not know which…arrow_forward
- Captivity can influence immunological responses in some mammals. Seeber et al. (2020) investigated various aspects of immunological responses in captive and free-ranging zebras. One aspect of the study involved samples of 12 free-ranging zebras from Namibia, 9 from Tanzania, and 38 captive zebras from various zoos in Europe. (All of these were non-lactating females.) One of the measured variables from blood samples was lysozyme concentration (μg/L). (Lysozyme is a biomarker of the immune response.) The researchers were interested in investigating possible differences in lysozyme concentration between zebras in the various locations. As part of the analysis, they carried out a one-way ANOVA on the lysozyme concentrations for the zebras from the 3 locations, and found the following output. Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) Location 2 50.65 25.33 42.24 6.54e-12Residuals 56 33.57 0.60 Suppose the assumptions of one-way ANOVA…arrow_forwardThe coat color of black bears depends on a gene with two alleles. Allele B is dominant and confers black coat, whereas allele b is recessive and homozygous bears have white coats (albino black bears, I know it sounds weird but it is true). As we know from genetics each bear has two alleles and the coat colors are as follows: BB-black; Bb-black; bb-white. A researcher obtained the following data for the genotypes (BB, Bb or bb) of black bears: Genotype Number of bears BB 42 Bb 24 bb 21 You are performing the following hypothesis test: H0: The genotypes of the bears follow a binomial distribution, with a probability of receiving the b allele equal to the observed proportion of the b allele in the population. HA: The genotypes of the bears do not follow a binomial distribution What is the expected frequency of bears with genotype BB, Bb, and bb? Give the absolute expected frequency (number of bears) not the fraction/proportion of BB bearsarrow_forwardThe coat color of black bears depends on a gene with two alleles. Allele B is dominant and confers black coat, whereas allele b is recessive and homozygous bears have white coats (albino black bears, I know it sounds weird but it is true). As we know from genetics each bear has two alleles and the coat colors are as follows: BB-black; Bb-black; bb-white. A researcher obtained the following data for the genotypes (BB, Bb or bb) of black bears: Genotype Number of bears BB 42 Bb 24 bb 21 You are performing the following hypothesis test: H0: The genotypes of the bears follow a binomial distribution, with a probability of receiving the b allele equal to the observed proportion of the b allele in the population. HA: The genotypes of the bears do not follow a binomial distribution Q1 What is the fraction of b alleles in the population? Remember each bear has two alleles! Q2 What is the expected frequency of bears with genotype BB, Bb, and bb? Give the absolute expected…arrow_forward
- A study was conducted to determine whether big-city and small-town dwellers differed in their helpfulness to strangers. In this study, the investigators rang the doorbells of strangers living in a large City or small towns in the vicinity. They explained they had misplaced the address of a friend living in the neighbourhood and asked to use the phone. The following data show the number of individuals who admitted or did not admit the strangers (the investigators) into their homes: Helpfulness to strangers Admitted strangers into their home Didnot admit strangers into their home Big city dwellers 60 90 Small town dwellers 70 30 State the dependent and independent variable Is this a directional or non directionalarrow_forwardOne variety of corn is genetically modified to produce chemicals for defense against predators. The standard corn contains the same standard genotype, but without genetic modification for the chemicals. The two types of corn are then planted in randomly placed adjacent plots across a single field. The amount of predators that are present when the corn has matured are then recorded. The data that was recorded of the predators present among each type are listed. Has genetic alterations decreased the amount of predators for the altered genotype? Normality tests for the populations of both contain a p value less than 0.05. The given alpha is 0.05 Modified Corn (20, 18, 26, 23, 17, 23, 22) Standard Corn (89, 64, 102, 96, 56, 77, 84, 59) use an F test to determine if the variance between the 2 lists are different. Based on this result, state the correct 2 sample parametric test to be used. State the null and alternative. Show calculations while rounding to two decimal points.What is the…arrow_forwardAn experiment to determine if a migraine medication decreases a person's average number of monthly migraines is performed on 400 people who report they have several migraines a month. Researchers randomly assigned 200 people to the treatment group and 200 people to the control group. After the study, the researchers determined that 48 of the subjects in the treatment group and 28 of the subjects in the control group average fewer migraines per month. The data from the two groups are resampled 150 times, and the table shows the distribution of the differences of the proportions for the reconfigured treatment and control groups.arrow_forward
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