(a)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and the response variable of the hypothetical follow-up study conducted to determine the relationship between warfarin resistances in house mice with the presence of the mutations of the vkore I gene.
(b)
To explain:
About the explanatory variable and response variable of a study which is conducted to identify an effective treatment from two treatments of naturopathic care and standardized psychotherapy for a sample of eighty-one individuals that having moderate to severe anxiety.
(c)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and response variable of the study of brain activity in response to the images versus reward sensitivity of subjects.
(d)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and response variable in the study of the relationship between growth of cancer tumors versus the dose of endostatin which injected to mice daily.
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The Analysis of Biological Data
- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardA study was conducted to determine whether big-city and small-town dwellers differed in their helpfulness to strangers. In this study, the investigators rang the doorbells of strangers living in a large City or small towns in the vicinity. They explained they had misplaced the address of a friend living in the neighbourhood and asked to use the phone. The following data show the number of individuals who admitted or did not admit the strangers (the investigators) into their homes: Helpfulness to strangers Admitted strangers into their home Didnot admit strangers into their home Big city dwellers 60 90 Small town dwellers 70 30 State the dependent and independent variable Is this a directional or non directionalarrow_forwardEchinacea is widely used as an herbal remedy for the common cold, but does it work? In a double-blind experiment, healthy volunteers agreed to be exposed to common-cold-causing rhinovirus type 39 and have their symptoms monitored. The volunteers were randomly assigned to take either a placebo or an echinacea supplement daily for 5 days following viral exposure. Among the 103 subjects taking a placebo, 88 developed a cold, whereas 44 of the 48 subjects taking echinacea 1 developed a cold.arrow_forward
- Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. Children who suffer from untreated sleep apnea often have behavior problems, including hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression. A common treatment for pediatric sleep apnea is the surgical removal of enlarged tonsils and adenoids that are obstructing the airways. Suppose researchers at a sleep clinic are interested in the effect of surgical treatment for pediatric sleep apnea on aggressive behavior. They study 11 children without sleep apnea, 11 children with untreated sleep apnea, and 11 children who have been surgically treated for sleep apnea. Aggression is measured using the Conners Rating Scales. The sample means and sums of squares of the scores for each of the three groups are presented in the following table. Group Sample Mean Sum of Squares No Sleep Apnea 0.59 0.3240 Untreated Sleep Apnea 0.45 0.4410 Treated Sleep Apnea 0.31 0.2250 The researchers perform an analysis of…arrow_forwardA clinical researcher would like to know whether a certain drug is more effective at treating lepression than just psychotherapy alone. In order to study this topic, the researcher gains access to a population of individuals diagnosed with depression and administers surveys to a random subset of that population. To assess the relationship between therapy type and depression symptoms, the survey asks participants what their current treatment plan involves (drug therapy, psychotherapy, both drug and psychotherapy, or no therapy) and what their current depression symptoms include. This study is a(n): observational study randomized comparative experiment stratified random sample block designarrow_forwardIndividuals who have experienced a stroke are at an increased risk of having another stroke. Prevention is particularly important for high-risk populations. The Second European Stroke Prevention Study asked whether daily doses of an anti-blood- clotting agent, such as aspirin or dipyridamole, would help prevent strokes among patients who had just experienced a first stroke. Volunteer patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment options: placebo, aspirin, Dipy., Both drugs. Researchers then recorded the patients who had another stroke and specifically if they died from that second stroke or not. What are the hypotheses to determine if there is there a relationship between treatment and death from second stroke? Ho: Treatment type and death from second stroke are independent from one another. Ha: Treatment type and death from second stroke are NOT independent from one another. Ho: Treatment type and death from second stroke are NOT independent from one another. Ha: Treatment…arrow_forward
- Individuals who have experienced a stroke are at an increased risk of having another stroke. Prevention is particularly important for high-risk populations. The Second European Stroke Prevention Study asked whether daily doses of an anti- blood-clotting agent, such as aspirin or dipyridamole, would help prevent strokes among patients who had just experienced a first stroke. Volunteer patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment options: placebo, aspirin, Dipy., Both drugs. Researchers then recorded the patients who had another stroke and specifically if they died from that second stroke or not. Conduct the chi-square test of independence. What decision is made? Did not die from 2nd stroke 1447 1467 1466 1465 Died from 2nd stroke Placebo Aspirin Dipyr. Both drugs 202 182 188 185 Reject Ho. Fail to reject Ho.arrow_forwardBenzene is a pollutant that, according to studies, can be associated with health problems. Benzene is found in air, water, and soil and comes from both industrial and natural sources. Benzene levels in indoor air are generally higher than outdoors. The main source of benzene in indoor air appears to be tobacco smoke, thus the combustion of tobacco is a major source of pollution. Benzene levels are measured in a random sample of 36 bars in a city, obtaining an average benzene level of 19.2 mg / m3, with a standard deviation of 2.1 mg / m3. Estimate the mean benzene level in bars in this city using a 95% confidence interval. (do your calculations to 4 decimal places) (need the process can be by hand ,Excel or R.) a)Other solution b)[18.48946, 19.91054] c)[19.0950, 19.3050] d)[18.5140, 19.8859] e)[18.6243, 19.7757] f)[18.4315, 19.7936]arrow_forwardWe have a random sample of data on women living in NSW in 2020. During the period covered by our data there were COVID lockdowns in some areas but not in other areas. These lockdowns closed schools and required all but essential workers to work from home or stay at home and not work if they could not work from home. Our data contains the following variables: hours = a woman’s number of hours of work per week kids = a woman’s number of children living at home lockdown = a dummy variable equal to one if the woman is living in an area under a lockdown order and 0 is she is living in an area not locked down. We consider the model: hours = β0 + β1lockdown + β2kids + β3lockdown∗kids + u Which of the following measures the effect of the number of children on hours of work for women living in areas that were locked down? a) β0 b) β2 c) β2 + β3 d) β3 e) none of the other possible answers are correctarrow_forward
- Chocolate contains caffeine and an endogenous cannabinoid, as well as a chemical thatmodulates serotonin production; but is it an aphrodisiac, as the Mayans and Aztecs believed?Suppose you conduct a study which measures sex drive in a group of 20 women, after eating 8ounces of chocolate. Given that you have available data from the Kinsey Institute (IndianaUniversity) about the general sex drive for women of the same demographic as in your study, youdecide to compare your group to this population estimate.If testing hypotheses about the effects of chocolate on sex drive, it would be most appropriate tocalculate a ...1)Paired sampled t2)Z-test3)Independent-samples t-test 4)One- sample t-testarrow_forwardTrematodes of the species Euhaplorchis californiensis may infect the California kill fish, Fundulus parvipinnis. Researchers have observed that infected fish spend excessive time near the water surface, where they may be more vulnerable to bird predation. Researchers set up an experiment in a large outdoor tank that stocked with three kinds of killifish, uninfected, lightly infected, and highly infected, and recorded the number of fish that is eaten by birds. State the null and alternative hypothesisarrow_forwardParaquat is one of the most widely used herbicides and is highly toxic to animals. In a study to assess the protective effects of a new agent A against paraquat, 200 rats were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group (treatment I) was administered paraquat; the second group (treatment II) was administered paraquat plus a low dose of agent A; the third group (treatment III) was administered paraquat plus a high dose of agent A. The number of rats that survived more than eight days for each group was recorded and are presented in Table 2 1% level of significance, whether agent A affects the survival rate of paraquat infected rats. a)For the test , how many degrees of freedom does the distribution of the test statistic have? (c) What is the value of the observed test statistic associated with the test ? (d) What is the p-value associated with the test ?arrow_forward
- Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGALGlencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill