Evolution
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781605356051
Author: Douglas Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
Publisher: SINAUER
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Chapter 1, Problem 3PDT
Summary Introduction
To discuss: The causes for human immunodeficiency virus shifting to humans from other primates based on causation, survival, ontogeny, and evolution.
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency viruses have entered into humans from other primates. In other primates, they are called simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has entered into humans from chimpanzees when these chimpanzees were hunted by humans for their meat. During this hunting, the humans came in contact with infected chimpanzees and got infected. The virus has mutated itself from time to time and ensured its survival in the human body.
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QUESTION:
Human immunodeficiency virus entered human populations after evolving from a
simian immunodeficiency virus. Nikolaas Tinbergen (1963), proposed explaining shifts in traits from two perspectives: dynamic versus static, and proximate versus ultimate. This framework can be used to understand the evolution of a trait in four
ways:
(i) causation (proximate/static): the mechanism of the trait as it works in the
present;
(ii) survival value (ultimate static): how function of the trait enhances
survival or reproduction;
(iii) ontogeny (proximate dynamic): the development of
the trait in an individual; and,
(iv) evolution (ultimate/dynamic): the phylogenetic
history of the trait.
Use these categories to discuss the causes for the virus shifting to humans from
other primates.
The classical twin study is established as the definitive study design for investigating the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors to traits and diseases in human population.
Monozygotic (identical) twins share all of their genes, while Dizygotic(fraternal) twins share only about 50 percent of them, the same as non-twin siblings. If a researcher compares the similarity between sets of identical twins to that of fraternal twins for a particular trait, then any excess likeness between the identical twins should be due to genes rather than environment.
Write an information leaflet evaluating the benefits and dilemmas in the use of human twin studies to investigate the causes of variation.
Hello, I need help answering number 21(INCLUDING THE SUB-PARTS) true or false questions. Pls and thank you!
20. A.) T / F: Synonymous and non-synonymous mutations mainly evolve via purifying natural selection.
B.) T / F: Stabilizing selection acts on the phenotypic variance of a trait without necessarily changing the mean phenotype.
C.) T / F: Founder effects are the result of a genetic bottleneck during colonization of a new location.
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- Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA (S. A. Frank and L. D. Hurst. 1996. Nature 383:224). Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.arrow_forwarda) To begin your analysis, state your null hypothesis. b) Perform a chi-square analysis. Make sure to analyze your traits to be consistent with the information provided. Clearly present your results in a table as shown in the attachement called Testing Genetics Ratios (Hint: should the traits be tested in males and females?) c) State the correct # of degrees of freedom, calculate the chi-square value and show the approximate p value. d) Make a statement of how the p value relates to whether you decided to reject or not reject, your null hypothesis. e) Finally, make a concluding statement about your original genetic hypothesis(es) based on chi-square analysis. Fully typed, organized correctly, correct spelling, and grammar. Genetic hypothesis for each allele: Trait: Leg length Hypothesis: The wild-type and mutant alleles for leg length are incomplete dominant relative to each other. Trait: Wing shape Hypothesis: There are two alleles for wing type, one dominant and one…arrow_forwardThe results of QTL mapping studies for human diseases tend to show that disease-causing alleles are either rare or have very small effects on risk. Knowing that this is true, discuss the evolutionary forces that are most likely to be responsible for this state of affairs. Does this observation suggest something about the evolutionary forces that maintain disease risk in human populations?arrow_forward
- The eugenic movement was created in the early 20th century by Sir Francis Galton. Its aim was to improve the genetic pool of the human population by selective breeding. One idea was to discourage individuals with Mendelian autosomal recessive diseases to have children. However, the fallacy of this idea is shown by the fact that recessive lethal alleles (that are never found in homozygosity) can persist in populations for hundreds to thousands of generations. Which one of the following statements best explains the persistence of those alleles in populations? There is heterozygote advantage in those populations. Recessive alleles keep being produced by mutation. Recessive alleles cannot be selected against when present in heterozygotes. Genetic drift keeps recessive alleles at a relative high frequency in populations. Consider the action of mutation and of genetic drift in a population. What do you expect genetic variation will be in a…arrow_forwardINSTRUCTION: - Answer the Question Properly - Do not copy in Google or here in Bartleby QUESTION: Human immunodeficiency virus entered human populations after evolving from a simian immunodeficiency virus. Nikolaas Tinbergen (1963) 1 proposed explaining shifts in traits from two perspectives: dynamic versus static, and proximate versus ultimate. This framework can be used to understand the evolution of a trait in four ways: (i) causation (proximate/static): the mechanism of the trait as it works in the present; (ii) survival value (ultimate/static): how function of the trait enhances survival or reproduction; (iii) ontogeny (proximate/dynamic): the development of the trait in an individual; and (iv) evolution (ultimate/dynamic): the phylogenetic history of the trait. Use these categories to discuss the causes for the virus shifting to humans from other primates.arrow_forwardSome individuals in a canine population is susceptible to disease X, which strikes the adults. The susceptibility is later found to be determined by a single locus, with the R allele dominant over the r allele, such that the rr individuals are susceptible to the disease and the others immune. A population genetic survey showed that 1% of the newborns carry the rr genotype. Also, an independent estimation showed that mutation rate converting R to r is 5 × 10-3 per generation. You suspected that the r allele frequency is maintained by mutation- selection balance (MSB). If your hypothesis of MSB is true, then what is the survival rate for the rr adults? (Note: the equilibrium allele frequency ĝ is calculated as ĝ where %3D u is the mutation rate and s is the selection coefficient.) 5% 50% 95% 99% None of the abovearrow_forward
- Describe the significance of sickle cell anemia to understanding evolution and the role of culture in adaptation, and explain why it’s a great example of a balanced polymorphism.arrow_forward1) This model shows the process of natural selection on rabbits demonstrating variation in fur color over several generations. Using the model, what most likely led to the loss of white furred rabbits in the population? 21 A) XB) 9) The white rabbits did not reproduce fast enough to survive. White was a recessive trait and therefore not passed on to any offspring. The white fur was a favorable trait but was never prevalent in the population. The rabbits with white fur had less camouflage in D) the environment and were more easily preyed on by predators. If this model continues, with no major changes to the environment,arrow_forwardThis model shows the process of natural selection on rabbits demonstrating variation in fur color over several generations. Using the model, what most likely led to the loss of white furred rabbits in the population? A) the white rabbits did not reproduce fast enough to survive B) white was a recessive trait and therefore not passed on to any offspring C) the white fur was a favorable trait but was never prevalent in the population D) the rabbits with white fur had less camouflage in the environment and were more easily preyed on by predatorsarrow_forward
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