Chapter 1, Problem 1.2P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Helium filled in a toy balloon is solid, liquid or gas is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Anything that has mass and volume is defined as a matter. The matter is classified as solids, liquids, and gases on the basis of a state that depends on the physical form of matter.

In solids, the atoms and molecules have fixed positions and are closely packed to each other. The atoms and molecules in the solid state only vibrate and do not move over each other. Therefore, a solid has a rigid shape and fixed volume. The examples of matter that are solid are ice and diamond.

In liquids, atoms and molecules are also closely packed to each other but they can move over each other. Thus, liquids have fixed volume but they do not have a fixed shape. Liquids occupy the shape of the container. The examples of matter that are liquid are water and alcohol.

In gases, the atoms and molecules have space between them and can easily move over each other hence gases are compressible. Gases neither have fixed shape nor volume. It occupies the shape and volume of the container. The examples of matter that are gases are nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Mercury in a thermometer is solid, liquid or gas is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Anything that has mass and volume is defined as a matter. The matter is classified as solids, liquids, and gases on the basis of a state that depends on the physical form of matter.

In solids, the atoms and molecules have fixed positions and are closely packed to each other. The atoms and molecules in the solid state only vibrate and do not move over each other. Therefore, a solid has a rigid shape and fixed volume. The examples of matter that are solid are ice and diamond.

In liquids, atoms and molecules are also closely packed to each other but they can move over each other. Thus, liquids have fixed volume but they do not have a fixed shape. Liquids occupy the shape of the container. The examples of matter that are liquid are water and alcohol.

In gases, the atoms and molecules have space between them and can easily move over each other hence gases are compressible. Gases neither have fixed shape nor volume. It occupies the shape and volume of the container. The examples of matter that are gases are nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Soup in a bowl is solid, liquid or gas is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Anything that has mass and volume is defined as a matter. The matter is classified as solids, liquids, and gases on the basis of a state that depends on the physical form of matter.

In solids, the atoms and molecules have fixed positions and are closely packed to each other. The atoms and molecules in the solid state only vibrate and do not move over each other. Therefore, a solid has a rigid shape and fixed volume. The examples of matter that are solid are ice and diamond.

In liquids, atoms and molecules are also closely packed to each other but they can move over each other. Thus, liquids have fixed volume but they do not have a fixed shape. Liquids occupy the shape of the container. The examples of matter that are liquid are water and alcohol.

In gases, the atoms and molecules have space between them and can easily move over each other hence gases are compressible. Gases neither have fixed shape nor volume. It occupies the shape and volume of the container. The examples of matter that are gases are nitrogen and carbon dioxide.