The experiments that yield the same average results are to be identified. Concept introduction: Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities. The two types of errors are as follows: 1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices. 2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision. Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.73P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiments that yield the same average results are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high precision is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high accuracy is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show systematic error is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased and therefore have high accuracy. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

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6. Consider the following exothermic reaction below. 2Cu2+(aq) +41 (aq)2Cul(s) + 12(aq) a. If Cul is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). b. If Cu2+ is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). c. If a solution of AgNO3 is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). d. If the solvent hexane (C6H14) is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). Hint: one of the reaction species is more soluble in hexane than in water. e. If the reaction is cooled, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). f. Which of the changes above will change the equilibrium constant, K?

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.73P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiments that yield the same average results are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high precision is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high accuracy is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show systematic error is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased and therefore have high accuracy. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.73P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiments that yield the same average results are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high precision is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high accuracy is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show systematic error is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased and therefore have high accuracy. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.73P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiments that yield the same average results are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high precision is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high accuracy is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show systematic error is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased and therefore have high accuracy. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

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Answer 5

Chapter 1, Problem 1.73P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiments that yield the same average results are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high precision is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high accuracy is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show systematic error is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased and therefore have high accuracy. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 6

Chapter 1, Problem 1.73P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiments that yield the same average results are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 7

Chapter 1, Problem 1.73P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiments that yield the same average results are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high precision is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high precision is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high accuracy is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show high accuracy is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show systematic error is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased and therefore have high accuracy. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The experiment(s) that show systematic error is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Precision is defined as the closeness of two measurements with each other. Accuracy refers to the closeness of the measured values to the standard or known value. Some errors also occur in the calculation of the measured quantities.

The two types of errors are as follows:

1. Systematic error: This error is a part of the experimental setup or faulty devices.

2. Random error: This error occurs always and is due to instruments’ precision.

Random errors can be decreased by taking the average of more measurements. If more measurements are taken, then the average of these values come out to be nearly close to the actual value and therefore the random error is decreased and therefore have high accuracy. The calibration of the instrument results in the increased accuracy of the measurements, but not necessarily precision.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

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