You are hired as an expert witness by the attorney representing a doctor. The doctor is being sued by a patient who claimed radiation damage from the doctor’s x-ray machine. The plaintiff argues that the machine must not have been properly shielded, exposing him to dangerous radiation. Your visit to the doctor’s office shows the following results. You do indeed measure x-radiation in the doctor’s office, with a minimum wavelength of 30.0 pm. Consultation with the doctor and inspection of his x-ray machine shows that it accelerates electrons through a voltage of 35.0 kV before they strike the target, producing bremsstrahlung. What advice do you give the attorney?

Q: A patient is being given a chest X-ray. The X-ray beam is turned on for 0.20 s, and its intensity is…

A:

Q: During X-ray diagnostics, lead aprons made of a thin layer of lead are used in order to protect…

A: The expression for intensity attenuation is given as, The linear attenuation coefficient is given…

Q: Assuming that 10.0% of a 100 W light bulb's energy output is in the visible range (typical for…

A:

Q: A PET scan detects the product of positron electron annihilation. A positron and an electron…

A: Concept used: Positron and electron are fermions whereas photons are bosons. Law of conservation of…

Q: X rays with a wavelength of 73.0 pm are directed onto a gold foil and eject tightly bound electrons…

A:

Q: X-rays are generated in a classic tube television, which has a voltage of 30 kW applied to its…

A: Which two fundamentally different processes mainly cause this X-ray radiation? Which of the two…

Q: A Ka x ray emitted from a sample has an energy of 7.46 keV. Of which element is the sample made?

A: E=-13.6Z21n12-1n22 eV Z is the atomic number Kα x rays are emitted by the transition of electron…

Q: A single layer of shielding transmits 70% of the radiation from a dangerous source. How many layers…

A:

Q: 2.8 pm photons interact with free electrons from a carbon target. what will be the energy minimum…

A: Given: The wavelength of the photon is λ = 2.8 pm The mass of an electron is m0 = 9.1 x 10-31 kg The…

Q: 42.11 As part of a radiotherapy course a patient is injected with 0.100× 10-6 mol of an 1.2 MeV a…

A: Hi there! Since there are multiple subparts in the question posted and it is not mentioned what is…

Q: An x-ray machine mounted in Khomas Medical Centre has tungsten as a target material. One male…

A: Required Energy of the x-ray being produced.

Q: One problem with x rays is that they are not sensed.Calculate the temperature increase of a…

A:

Q: An alpha particle has a matter wavelength of 1.89 mA. Calculate its speed.

A:

Q: For 140 keV gamma rays, the mass attenuation coefficients for hydrogen and oxygen are 0.26 and 0.14…

A: Given: For 140 keV gamma rays, The mass attenuation coefficients for hydrogen and oxygen are 0.26…

Q: During the deep X-ray therapy high energy X-rays are used. They are filtered by passing them through…

A:

Q: The half-value layer for Tc-99m photons in water is 4.6 cm. Since soft tissue has about the same…

A: Given Data: Half value layer =4.6cm To Find: What percent of the beam passes through 3cm of fat.

Q: In a dental office, the person giving a dental x-ray examination leaves the room while the x-ray…

A: Because x-ray photons carry much more energy than the photons of visible light.

Q: While reproducing the Rutherford scattering experiment in an advanced laboratory class, a student…

A: Given Data: The thickness of the gold foil is t=28.8×10−9mThe energy of the alpha particle is…

Q: The energy of the alpha particles emitted by 2¹0Po (T₁/2 =138 days) is 5.30 MeV. (a) What mass of…

A:

Q: Determine the time in seconds required to sputter 50 nm of Si using a 10 µA/cm2 beam of 45 keV ions…

A: The sputtering process involves the removal of atoms from a target material's surface due to the…

Q: In a Rutherford scattering experiment, alpha particles having kinetic energy of 7.70 MeV are fired…

A: We know that De-Broglie wavelength λ = h2m.E = h2mevwhere,  h = planek constant              m =…

Q: A sample of hydrogen gas was placed in a discharge tube and its spectrum was measured using a high…

A: Given: High-intensity line of wavelength, λ=656.28 nmLow-intensity line of wavelength, λ'=656.01 nm…

Q: What is the probability of finding a hydrogen electron (n=2, l=1, ml =-1) within three bohr radii of…

A:

Q: How much energy is transmitted to a cell during a day's treatment? Assume that the specific gravity…

A: Given: The specific heat of tumor is ρt=1ρw. The specific heat of tumor is calculated as, ρt=1103…

Q: The linear absorption coefficients for 0.05-nm x-rays in lead and in iron are, respectively, 5.8 ×…

A: When high-energy beams like x-rays go through the material there will be a reduction of intensity…

Q: J 5 Question 2 (1) Assume that the average energy of β-rays (electrons) emitted from the S-ray…

A: GM counter It detects the ionizing radiation such as alpha, beta and gamma rays using ionizing…

Q: (a) What voltage must be applied to an X-ray tube to obtain 0.0100-fm-wavelength X-rays for use in…

A: The energy of the X-ray can be given using the following equations Substituting the values give,

Q: Gamma-ray detectors like the one described in the preceding problem often use calorimetry to…

A: Given, Mass,M=2.5kgSpecific Heat,C=430J/kgKChange in temperature,∆T=10mK=10×10-3KEnergy of gamma…

Q: If a radiation source has an intensity of 6.50 Sv at 1.0 m, what distance is needed to decrease the…

A: Given that,radiation source has an intensity of 6.50 Sv at 1.0 mWe know that,Radiation intensity I…

Q: Smugglers. Rumor has it that a company has been smuggling gold out of the country using sealed,…

A:

Q: A patient is being given a chest X-ray. The X-ray beam is turned on for 0.20 s, and its intensity is…

A: Intensity is defined as energy per unit area per unit time. I=EAt

Q: Smugglers. Rumor has it that a company has been smuggling gold out of the country using sealed,…

A: Given: Specifications of cylindrical barrels: mass(m) = 50.0 kg height(h) = 1.2m Diameter(D) =0.25m…

Q: In an alpha particle (42He) scattering experiment, using a thin gold (19779Au) foil, the initial…

A:

Q: One of the most ground-breaking experiment in the history of the atom was performed by Ernest…

A: Rutherford conducted an experiment in which he bombarded a thin sheet of gold foil with alpha…

Q: What are some important practical differences that you have observed between spectroscopies of…

A: Gamma rays: The Gamma rays are uncharged waves and they interact with matter in three different…

Q: An atom in an excited state has a mass of 63.332 and then decays to a mass of 63.329 amu by emitting…

A:

Q: In a Rutherford scattering experiment, an a-particle (charge = +2e) heads directly toward a gold…

A:

Q: Nuclear radii may be measured by scattering high-energy electrons from nuclei. (a) What is the de…

A:

Q: The radionuclide Tc-99m is a gamma photon emitter. The emitted gamma photon energy is 141 keV. The…

A: Given: wavelength of each visible photon = λ = 550 nm energy of emitted gamma photon = Eg = 141 keV…

Q: Čalculate the density of a material if the number of gamma from 5206 to 2210 after passing through…

A: Given: The number of gamma photons initially is 5206. The number of gamma photons finally are 2210.…

de Broglie Equation

The sketch of matter waves is drawn below: