With the aid of a phase diagram, explain what is meant by a supercritical fluid. Give examples of commercial processes that involve the use of supercritical fluids.
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- 4 The Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium line in a one component system should always have a positive slope on a Pressure-Temperature diagram. Explain why? Draw a neat phase diagram of a one component system that can exist in two allotropic forms.12 (a) (b) Describe how you can obtain the integrated form of the Clapeyron equation as below. State any assumptions you have to make. Afus H (T-T) P₂≈ P₁+ AfusV T₁ The heat of fusion (Afus H) of Hg at its normal melting point (-38.9 °C) is 2.82 cal.g¹. The densities of Hg(s) and Hg(1) at -38.9 °C and 1 atm are 14.193 and 13.690 g cm Estimate the melting point of Hg at 100 atm using the result in (a). respectively. Ans 234.8K or -38.4°C3. A 12.0 cm3 sample of liquid H2O (density 1.00 g.cm-3) is heated to 328 oC under an external pressure of 0.8 atm, conditions under which it vapourises: (i) Calculate the volume of the gas. (ii) Calculate the mass of the same volume (as in part i) of CO2 gas under the same conditions. (iii) Calculate temperature of that sample of CO2 (as in part ii) at 8.0 atm pressure in a 20.0 L container.
- The vapour pressure of hexane between -10°C and +90°C fits the expression log(p/Torr) = 7.724 – 1655/(T/K). Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization.Osmotic pressures are often reported in units of atmospheres or mm Hg. The latter impliesthat the height of a column of liquid can be used as a measure of pressure. This is, in fact, thebasis of the torricellian barometer from which the units of “torr” come. The pressure, P, isrelated to the height of the column by:P = ρghwhere ρ is the density of the liquid, g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the height. Whatwill be the height (in mm) of a column of aqueous solution with a density of 0.9987 g/mL, if theosmotic pressure of the solution at 25 °C is 1.4 mm Hg? The density of mercury at thistemperature is 13.8 g/mL7. Assume that the data in the table below stems from a liquid mixture that obeys Raoult's law. mole fraction p(MBenzene)/Torr p(Benzene)/Torr Total x(Methylbenzene pressure/Torr 0 0.30 0.45 0.61 0.84 1 0 7.19 (ii) 14.90 (iv) 25.02 80.00 (i) 43.57 (iii) 11.90 a) Estimate the missing values. b) Estimate the total pressure for each composition. c) Determine which component is more volatile
- Calculate the solubility of nitrogen in water at an atmospheric pressure of 0.390 atm (a typical value at high altitude).Atmospheric Gas Mole Fraction kH mol/(L*atm)N2 7.81 x 10-1 6.70 x 10-4O2 2.10 x 10-1 1.30 x 10-3Ar 9.34 x 10-3 1.40 x 10-3CO2 3.33 x 10-4 3.50 x 10-2CH4 2.00 x 10-6 1.40 x 10-3H2 5.00 x 10-7 7.80 x 10-4Question 5 5.1 The normal boiling temperature of benzene is 353.24 K and the vapour pressure of liquid benzene is 1.19x104 Pa at 20 °C. (a) Calculate AyapH (kJ.mol) for benzene. (b) What is the AvapS for benzene in kJ.mol-!? 5.2 Water boils at 100 °C at 1 atm and its enthalpy of vaporization is 40.7 kJ.mol. In some chemistry experiment, it is desired that the water boils at temperature of 89 °C. Calculate what external pressure should be (in atm) in this case.The liquid-vapour equilibrium diagram of the binary water (H2O)-nitric acid (HNO3) under standard pressure is shown in the appendix. The mass fraction of HNO3 is plotted on the x-axis and the temperature on the y- axis. The analysis of a sample of the mixture obtained during the industrial preparation of nitric acid gives a total mass for this sample of 80 g and a mass of 60 g of water. a) Calculate the mass fraction of nitric acid in the mixture.
- The pure vapour pressure of benzene (C6H6) is 745 torr; the pure vapour pressure to toluene(C7H8) is 290 torr. What is the mole fraction of benzene in a benzene/toluene mixture whose total vapour pressure is 500 torr? Give answer to 3dp.Refer to Fig. 4A.8. Describe the phase or phases present as the pressure on a sample of CO2 is steadily increased from 0.1 atm: (a) at a constant temperature of 200 K; (b) at a constant temperature of 310 K; (c) at a constant temperature of 216.8 K.For items 4-6, consider a one component system with a temperature-pressure phase diagram as shown below. Temperature 4.) Which of the following shows has F = 2 А. А В. В С.Е D. G Е. Н 5.) Which segment shows the gas-solid equilibrium? А. АВ В. АС C. AD D. BD E. AH 6.) Which of the following shows three phases that are at equilibrium? А. А В. В С.D D. D Е. Е
