Q: Why are the correct primer sequences essential for successful amplification?
A: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used method in molecular biology that is used to make…
Q: In E. coli, four Hfr strains donate the following markers,shown in the order donated:Strain 1: M Z X…
A: The High-Frequency Recombination Strains(Hfr)- When the F+ chromosome combines with F plasmid . It…
Q: What is reverse DNA gyrase and why is it importantto hyperthermophiles?
A: Hyperthermophiles are high temperature loving bacteria. Most common of them is Thermotoga maritima.…
Q: What is the role of the origin of transfer during F+- and Hfr-mediated conjugation? What is the…
A: Conjugation is a process of transfer of genetic material between two bacteria. This transfer can…
Q: A mutated TBP protein Explain: (a) What is the process affected? (b) What is the Effect on the…
A: TATA-Binding protein or TBP attaches specifically to particular sequence of DNA called TATA box.…
Q: What will happen if the parts of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes' parts change specifically the (…
A: Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid polypeptide that is found in a eukaryotic cell. ubiquitin is served…
Q: For selection of recombinants, insertional inactivation of antibiotic marker has been superceded by…
A: Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a form of drug resistance where bacteria are able to survive…
Q: Considering prokaryotes, what is the enzyme that removes the RNA primer and replaces it with newly…
A: RNA primer is used in initial priming to then later on DNA ligase can not seal the nick between the…
Q: What is the role of sex pili during conjugation?
A: When genetic information is transferred from donor cell to recipient cell with the help of a bridge…
Q: What types of matings are possible between F+, F−, Hfr, and F′ cells? What outcomes do these matings…
A: The F+, F-, Hfr and F’ bacterial cells mate through the process of conjugation. Conjugation is the…
Q: Discuss the lysogrnic induction of bacteriophage lambda in coli cells
A: Viruses are microbes that have both living and non-living characteristics. They are obligate…
Q: Given the following genotypes, explain, by answering the questions in each number, how the mutation…
A: i + p + o + z - y + Complete set of gene products will not be there because z gene that codes for…
Q: Describe the method of pronuclear injection to generate transgenic mice?
A: Transgenic mice are produced by putting DNA in their genome from another source. There are a number…
Q: What is the key difference between regulation by covalent modification and specific proteolytic…
A: Enzymes are biological catalysts that help to increase the speed of any chemical reaction. The…
Q: What is conversion of dUDP to dTTP?
A: A nucleoside triphosphate is a molecule containing a nitrogenous base bound to a 5 carbon sugar…
Q: From the data, what can you conlucde about the effect of this mutant?
A: The difference between tyrosine and phenylalanine is that tyrosine has an hydroxyl group. The liver…
Q: What makes the species of Agrobacterium ideal for genetic engineering? Describe its characteristics…
A: In genetics, a vector is a biomolecule that serves as the carrier for the gene to be introduced in…
Q: What are degenerativediseases?
A: Degenerative disease is caused by a continuous process based on degenerative(negative) cell changes,…
Q: Why would a mutation in a somatic cell of a multicellular organism escape detection?
A: Mutations that likely occurred in a somatic cell are not supposed to be transferred to its next…
Q: How does the HAEIII enzyme discriminate between the C-G polymorphism in the TAS2R38 gene?
A: HaeIII catalyst cuts at the A GG:CC which is found at nucleotides 143-146 of the TAS2R38 gene. The…
Q: What is catabolite repression? How does it allow a bacterial cell to use glucose in preference to…
A: Microorganisms with catabolite repression can easily adapt to a chosen (rapidly metabolizable)…
Q: Why can it be said that transcription of thebacteriophage T7 genome requires two enzymes?
A: T7 bacteriophage is a small phage which consists of double stranded DNA with 40 kbp nucleotide. The…
Q: To what chemical groups can bacteriophage specific for gram-positive cells attach?
A: A virus is a small infectious agent that only replicates inside the living cells of an organism. It…
Q: A mutant has no activity for the enzyme isocitrate lyase.Does this result prove that the mutation is…
A: Isocitrate lyase is an enzyme in the glycoxylate cycle that catalyzes the cleavage of isocitrate to…
Q: Why is formation of the replicative form of fX174 necessary inorder to make phage-specific mRNA?
A: DNA is the genetic material in most of the organisms. It is mostly double-stranded but some viruses…
Q: In what ways does conjugation create bacterial cells that are at least partially diploid? Is this a…
A: Conjugation is the process of transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by direct…
Q: What is the effect of lacI- mutations?
A: The lactose operon or lac operon is an inducible operon system under dual – positive and negative…
Q: what is the lac operon ? what happens in terms of the lac operon when lactose is absent from the…
A: The working segment of DNA that codes for proteins is a gene. An operon is a group of genes that are…
Q: Why is supercoiling essential to a bacterial cell? What enzymefacilitates this process?
A: A bacterial genome size lies in the range of around a million base pairs that correspond to…
Q: What is the pupose of bacterial artificial transformation?
A: Transformation is a process in which the bacteria uptakes the naked DNA into it and incorporated…
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A: The viruses, bacteria and parasites are responsible for causing different diseases which in human…
Q: Why is the trp attenuation mechanism unique to prokaryotes?
A: Attenuation is a control mechanism that operates to regulate the expression of genes of an operon.…
Q: For E. coli strains with the lac genotypes show below, use a plus sign (+) to indicate the synthesis…
A: Lactose operon is an inducible operon in prokaryotes. the operon is the gene regulation system in…
Q: You grow E. coli in defined media containing both glucose and lactose. Draw the trajectory of the…
A: The lac operon It is a set of three genes in E.coli that code for enzymes that help the cell use…
Q: Contrast the functions of Spo11 and Cas9, twoenzymes that catalyze the formation of doublestrand…
A: The protein spo11 and cas9 plays a crucial role to initiate the recombination process in yeast and…
Q: What are endoribonucleases ?
A: Introduction: endoribonucleases work primarily in RNA processing and turnover.
Q: Why aren’t primary rRNA transcripts present in wild-type E. coli?
A: E.coli is a gram negative, faculatative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus…
Q: What are Hfr-strains? Why were they useful in the early days of bacterial genetics?
A: Horizontal gene transfer is the process of transferring genetic material from one organism to…
Q: What is the purpose of the dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in the dideoxy-sequencing reaction?
A: DNA sequencing is carried out using various methods. The majorly used method of DNA sequencing is…
Q: What is meant by "transformation" and how does Agrobacterium transform a plant cell? What are the…
A: "Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: What bacterial phyla are known to contain dissimilativesulfate-reducers?
A: The sulfate reducing microbes exhibits a wide range of biochemical and morphological diversity.…
Q: A pure culture of an unknown bacterium was streaked onto plates of a variety of media. You notice…
A: Bacteria can be defined as minute living organisms which cannot be visible in naked eyes. These…
Q: Why is it unlikely that GMOs recoded to depend on a syntheticamino acid will mutate to no longer…
A: Genetically modified foods or genetically engineered foods are produced by altering the DNA of the…
Q: Why is it beneficial for the bacterium to regulate the lac operon with both a repressor protein and…
A: Lac operon permits the metabolism of lactose sugar in bacterial cells. It contains three genes that…
Q: Discuss the following: Lysogeny establishment in bacteriophage lambda Lysogeny mentainance in…
A: This phenomena is first elaborated and explained by French biologist André Lwoff in the early 1950s.…
Q: is “Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation” in plants described as natural genetic engineer…
A: Agrobacterium is a gram-negative bacteria that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in…
Q: Why are there no Pol I mutants that completely lack 5′ → 3′ exonucleaseactivity?
A: Exonuclease is considered as the enzyme, which cleaves the DNA fragment from the outer end sides.
Q: What are the function of methylated guanosine cap?
A: The methylated Guanosine (5′ m7G) cap is associated in evolutionarily preserved modification of…
Q: Why is NHEJ an error-prone mechanism?
A: DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material of the organisms that transfer from…
Why are regulatory mutants used to increase the production of glutamic acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum?
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- what is the nature and likely location(s) of a mutant that would, 1)allow constitutive expression of the lac gene? 2)prevent the cell from responding to lactose ( genes are not induced when exposed to lactose)? 3) not allow the cell to utilize lactose even when the genes are inducedThe synthesis of arginine by Nuerospora was determined by examining a number of mutant strains that were unable to synthesize the compound. Use the table of bacterial growth below to 1) determine the correct sequence of the synthesis pathway and 2) where in the synthesis pathway each mutation interrupts the synthesis. A “+" indicates growth. Nothing added to Succinate Ornithine added Strain Cirtulline Arginine Added added added growth medium Wild Mutant 1 Mutant 2 Mutant 3 Mutant 4"what is the reason for forming mucoid colonies in some types of bacteria?"
- Usually, bacteria only make tryptophan when tryptophan is absent or available in low concentration. However, a particular bacterial mutation makes tryptophan all the time whether or not tryptophan is present. What could explain this phenotype? A) the terminator hairpin is unable to form B) the antiterminator hairpin is unable to form C) trpE is mutated D) trpD is mutated E) trpA is mutatedConsider the gal10D56 reporter gene. In 300 words or fewer, describe 1) the role of GAL7 in galactose metabolism and its importance for cell function 2) the mutation present in the gal10D56 reporter gene 3) the consequence of this mutation for GAL7 expression in wild type cells, 4) the mechanism by which certain mutations can suppress the effects of gal10D56, and 5) the specific purpose for using this reporter gene.What is application of D_serine?
- What is the simplest explanation for why patients have been identified with only one copy of the phosphofructokinase-1 gene (heterozygous), but no patients have been identified that lack both copies of the phosphofructokinase-1 gene (homozygous)? Patients lacking both copies of the phosphofructokinase-1 genes will be found once DNA sequencing technology can sequence whole genomes. Phosphofructokinase-1 is needed for nitrogen metabolism and there are no enzymes to replace this function, so cells die from ammonia toxicity. Phosphofructokinase-1 is a required enzyme for carbohydrate metabolism in all living cells, complete loss of this enzyme would be lethal. There are 6 phosphofructokinase-1 paralogous genes in humans and it is impossible to lack both type 1 copies when there are also types 4, 5, and 6.A series of auxotrophic mutants were isolated in Neurospora. Examination of fungi containing these mutations revealed that they grew on minimal medium to which various compounds (A, B, C, D) were added; growth responses to each of the four compounds are presented in the following table. Give the order of compounds A, B, C, and D in a biochemical pathway. Outline a biochemical pathway that includes these four compounds and indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the mutations. Compound Mutation number А в С A D 134 276 987 773 772 146 333 123 + + I +The figure below shows the life cycle of the fungus Neurospora. The adult stage of the Neurospora is a multicellular haploid. b) Neurospora has an arginine amino acid synthesis pathway shown below. Suppose I take the strain above that only grows with arginine supplements and cross it to a different mutant Neurospora strain that grows with arginine and citrulline supplements but not with ornithine supplements. Assuming gens A, B, and C are unlinked and there is only one mutation per stain: What percentage of the progeny will grow on ornithine? What percentage on citrulline? What percentage on arginine?
- Why is Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation described as Natural Genetic engineering in plants?What is the role of the origin of transfer during F+- and Hfr-mediated conjugation? What is the significance of the directionof transfer in Hfr-mediated conjugation?A pure culture of an unknown bacterium was streaked onto plates of a variety of media. You notice that the colony morphologyis strikingly different on plates of minimal media with glucose compared to that seen on trypticase soy agar plates. How can you explain these differences in colony morphology? Also, describe what happens when a nonsense mutation is introduced into the gene encoding transposase within a transposon and why is it more likely that insertions or deletions will be more detrimental to a cell than point mutations?
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