Which of the following are regulatory mechanisms that exist to prevent futile cycling in lipid metabolism? Choose one or more: A. fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase B. AMPK phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase C. malonyl-CoA inhibition of CPT1 D. citrate activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
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- Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AΤΡ. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.Understanding the Mechanism of the HMC-CoA Synthase Reaction Write a suitable mechanism for the HMG-CoA synthase reaction. What is the chemistry that drives this condensation reaction?Consider the docosanoic acid, C21H43CO2H a. Label the a and B carbons b. Draw the acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid c. How many acetyl CoA molecules are formed by complete B-oxidation? d. How many cycles of B-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid?
- Select all of the following that accurately apply to acyl-CoA synthetase and the transport of acyl-CoA through the carnitine transport system in the liver: 00 ☐☐☐☐ Acyl-CoA is formed when CoA serves as a nucleophile for attack of the fatty acyl-adenylate intermediate Fatty acid carbon skeletons are simultaneously used in the liver for beta oxidation and glucose biosynthesis The carnitine transport system is inhibited in the presence of high amounts of malonyl CoA The carrier protein carnitine replaces CoA in the transport of fatty acyl groups across the inner- mitochondrial membrane and allows acyl-CoA reformation in the matrix Increased need for beta oxidation allows for decreased transport of fatty acids via the carnitine transport system The formation of acyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthetase involves the use of 2 equivalents of ATP - (1) an ATP used for activation of fatty acyl-adenylate and (2) an equivalent of ATP in the form of pyrophosphate hydrolysisIn relation to cholesterol metabolism answer the following: A- Explain how cholesterol synthesis depends on the activity of “ATP-citrate lyase” enzyme? B- “3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA” is a common metabolite in two pathways, mention the names of these two pathways? What determine which pathway this metabolite follows? C- The combination of cholestyramine and an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor is very effective in reducing serum cholesterol for most patients with high cholesterol. Why is this treatment much less effective for patients with Familial hypercholesterolemia?Arrange the steps of breakdown of oleic acid (pictured below) in the correct order. 1 2 3 4 5 activation by acyl-CoAsynthe ✓ [Choose ] one cycle ofß-oxidationbeginning at the enoyl-CoAhydratasestep three cycles ofẞ-oxidation five cycles ofß-oxidation activation by acyl-CoAsynthetase enoyl-CoAisomeraseactivity enoyl-CoAisomeraseactivity V one cycle ofß-oxidationbegini V five cycles ofß-oxidation OH
- Consider docosanoic acid C12H43CO2H a. Label the alpha and beta Carbons. Show the beta-oxidation in an EXPANDED structure. b. Draw each acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid. c. How many acetyl Co A molecules are formed by complete beta-oxidation? d. How many cycles of beta-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Show the complete computation. f. How many moles of ATP per gram of fatty acid is formed from the complete catabolism of the given fatty acid? g. What is the molar mass of the given fatty acid? Solution: Show here the complete computations, [from a to e]Discuss the metabolic control for HMG CoA reductase synthesis and activityUpon considering the complete oxidation of one mole of fatty acyl (CoA) of an arachidic acid (20:0). Answer the following lettersa. total no. of NADH produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the acetyl cycleb. otal no. of FADH2 produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the acetyl cyclec. total atp yield
- K Draw the product of the reaction of acetyl CoA with ACP-SHI catalyzed by malonyl-CoA-acetyl-CoA-ACP transacylase (MAT). Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. malonyl-CoA-acetyl-CoA-ACP transacylase (MAT) SCOA Drawing QUpon considering the complete oxidation of one mole of fatty acyl (CoA) of an arachidic acid (20:0). Answer the following lettersa. total no. of NADH produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the acetyl cycleb. total no. of FADH2 produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the acetyl cyclec. total atp yieldA. Identify different types of organic reaction mechanims in the followingmetabolic pathways.1. Catabolism of triacylglycerols- beta-oxidation pathway2. Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA3. Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate)4. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA5.Citric acid cycle6. Gluconeogensis pathway (pyruvate to glucose) B. Identify at most 5 organic reactions for each metabolic pathway.