6:13 PM Tue Jun 25 Untitled C ResearchGate Х R (PDF) Introduction: Presio X + researchgate.net 14% 0 ... Search Q or Discover by subject area Recruit researchers Join for free Login Article PDF Available Introduction: Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands . September 2004 Historical Archaeology 38(3):1-5 . September 2004 - 38(3):1-5 DOI:10.1007/BF03376649 Authors: Judith Bense University of West Florida Download full-text PDF Citations (15) References (1) Abstract > < Introduction Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands.pdf All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ө 15% 0 2 especially during their zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries. Future publications will provide more detailed information about specific cross- cutting aspects of presidios such as demography, architecture, smuggling, and fortifications. There were scores of presidios in many areas of the colonial Spanish world, including Africa, Oceania, Asia, and the Americas. The area of interest in this volume is the Spanish Border- lands, which extended across North America from the Pacific to the Atlantic, composed of Alta California, Northern New Spain, and Span- ish Florida. Literally hundreds of presidios were established in the Spanish Borderlands as shown in Figure 1. In this publication, the terms "Spanish Borderlands" and "presidios" will be frequently used and, unless otherwise noted, they will refer to North American Spanish Borderlands presidios. Eight presidio studies are included in this volume, and they extended from San Francisco, California, to St. Augustine, Florida. Five of the presidios presented here were on the coast and three were in the interior. Two were in Spanish Florida (presidios San Agustín and Santa María de Galve), four were in the Texas portion of Northern New Spain (presidios Los Adaes, La Bahía, San Antonio de Béxar, and San Sabá), and two were in Alta Califor- nia (presidios San Diego and San Francisco). HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 38(3) The level of research performed ranges from long-term research projects to cultural resource management contracts. Presidio San Diego was a military colony. The remaining seven presi- dios were established to halt European intrusion into New Spain and Spanish Florida. Presidio San Francisco was established to block Russian expansion down the Pacific coast, and the other six presidios were to stop French expansion along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. This volume begins with overviews of the history of presidios to provide historical context for the archaeological studies that follow. Jack Williams focuses on presidios in Northern New Spain, and Ronald Childers focuses on Span- ish Florida presidios. Both historians address the problem of the "chameleon" nature of this popular and widespread Spanish colonial settle- ment. Both historians agree that presidios were considered a specific kind of frontier military installation, and many were fortified. The first presidios in the 16th century were privately financed by encomienderos as part of an agree- ment with the Spanish government for titles given to them for land and Indian labor and tribute. This system was not effective, and the presidios were soon taken over by the Crown. In Northern New Spain, presidios were pri- marily in the interior. In Alta California, the

6:13 PM Tue Jun 25 Untitled C ResearchGate Х R (PDF) Introduction: Presio X + researchgate.net 14% 0 ... Search Q or Discover by subject area Recruit researchers Join for free Login Article PDF Available Introduction: Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands . September 2004 Historical Archaeology 38(3):1-5 . September 2004 - 38(3):1-5 DOI:10.1007/BF03376649 Authors: Judith Bense University of West Florida Download full-text PDF Citations (15) References (1) Abstract > < Introduction Presidios of the North American Spanish Borderlands.pdf All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ө 15% 0 2 especially during their zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries. Future publications will provide more detailed information about specific cross- cutting aspects of presidios such as demography, architecture, smuggling, and fortifications. There were scores of presidios in many areas of the colonial Spanish world, including Africa, Oceania, Asia, and the Americas. The area of interest in this volume is the Spanish Border- lands, which extended across North America from the Pacific to the Atlantic, composed of Alta California, Northern New Spain, and Span- ish Florida. Literally hundreds of presidios were established in the Spanish Borderlands as shown in Figure 1. In this publication, the terms "Spanish Borderlands" and "presidios" will be frequently used and, unless otherwise noted, they will refer to North American Spanish Borderlands presidios. Eight presidio studies are included in this volume, and they extended from San Francisco, California, to St. Augustine, Florida. Five of the presidios presented here were on the coast and three were in the interior. Two were in Spanish Florida (presidios San Agustín and Santa María de Galve), four were in the Texas portion of Northern New Spain (presidios Los Adaes, La Bahía, San Antonio de Béxar, and San Sabá), and two were in Alta Califor- nia (presidios San Diego and San Francisco). HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 38(3) The level of research performed ranges from long-term research projects to cultural resource management contracts. Presidio San Diego was a military colony. The remaining seven presi- dios were established to halt European intrusion into New Spain and Spanish Florida. Presidio San Francisco was established to block Russian expansion down the Pacific coast, and the other six presidios were to stop French expansion along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. This volume begins with overviews of the history of presidios to provide historical context for the archaeological studies that follow. Jack Williams focuses on presidios in Northern New Spain, and Ronald Childers focuses on Span- ish Florida presidios. Both historians address the problem of the "chameleon" nature of this popular and widespread Spanish colonial settle- ment. Both historians agree that presidios were considered a specific kind of frontier military installation, and many were fortified. The first presidios in the 16th century were privately financed by encomienderos as part of an agree- ment with the Spanish government for titles given to them for land and Indian labor and tribute. This system was not effective, and the presidios were soon taken over by the Crown. In Northern New Spain, presidios were pri- marily in the interior. In Alta California, the