What is the risk ratio for the association between continued smoking and second heart attack? Round to two decimal places
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A group of 156 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 75 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 81 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 75 patients that continued smoking, 27 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 14 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up.
What is the risk ratio for the association between continued smoking and second heart attack? Round to two decimal places
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- Calculate the age standardized IHD mortality rate using the Standard population. Show all calculations. (See attached image)A group of 312 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 150 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 162 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 150 patients that continued smoking, 54 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 28 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up. Calculate the appropriate measure of association between continued smoking and second heart attack.The evidence to support a causal relationship between smoking and ischemic heart disease based on a prospective cohort study is necessary because this design allows for ascertaining the one of the important guidelines to judge causality. reliability who is a smoker temporal relationship (temporality) between smoking and ischemic heart disease ☐ proof of evidence
- A case-control study is conducted to estimate the association between sedentary lifestyle and stroke. Researchers enroll 100 patients who had a stroke in the past year and 400 patients who have never had a stroke. Researchers conclude that the prevalence of stroke in the past year in the population is 20%. This conclusion is: Correct Incorrect because prevalence cannot be estimated from a case-control study Incorrect because the prevalence is 25%A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. A total of 406 men newly diagnosed with CHD were included together with 406 men of similar ages who did not have CHD. The risk of CHD (measured by the OR) was higher among men who were inactive or only moderately active (collectively called ‘inactive’) than among those who were physically active: (See attached image) Odds ratio for inactive men compared to active men= (299 x 136)/(270 x 107)=1.41Suppose there is no misclassification in these data.What would the observed OR have been... 1. If 20% of all the inactive men had been misclassified as active? 2. If 10 % of inactive cases had been misclassified as active?Calculate the risk ratio for each table below. Interpret the risk ratios and indicate which drug is associated with high mortality for the three tables. Calculate RRs to show the relationship between drug use and severity of asthma by creating a 2X2 table from the three tables below. Interpret the OR/RR estimate. Calculate RRs to show the relationship between severity of asthma and death by creating another 2X2 table from the tables below. Interpret the RR estimate. Determine whether there is confounding by severity of asthma in the relationship between drug use and asthma deaths. Use your responses in a, b and c above to answer this question. Draw a pictorial representation of cofounding using the three variables in this particular example. Is there effect modification by severity of asthma?
- Complete Evidence -Based research on Asthma Complete care plan that demonstrates: Complete assessment Three nursing diagnosis For each nursing diagnosis, develop three goals For each goal, develop one intervention (intervention must not be repeated for any other goal) Evaluation for each intervention.The following 8 elderly women were residents of an assisted living facility and were followed by the same doctor for 12 years. The table below describes events that occurred during the 12-year period. Subject Outcome Person-Years Case Y/N PrevalenceNum / Denom A Followed for the full 12 years. At the end of year 3, she was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. B Died at the end of year 6 and never had Alzheimer’s disease. C Died at the end of year 3 and never had Alzheimer’s disease. D Diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease at the end of year 1 and died at the end of year 8. E Lost to follow-up at the end of year 6 and never had Alzheimer’s disease. F Died at the end of year 6. At the start of the study, she had already had Alzheimer’s disease for 2 years. G Lost to follow up at the end of year 9. At the end of year 4, she was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.…4586 patients were recruited in a study and information was collected on their different diseases / conditions. The prevalence of different diseases are: depression, 15%; asthma, 6.6%; cardiovascular event, 6%; pulmonary disease, 3.5%. The patients’ dietary intake were also measured at the same period of time. a. What is the research method used in the above study? ___________________________________________________________ b. State one advantage and one disadvantage of this type of study? ___________________________________________________________ d. What is the number of people with asthma in this group of patients? ___________________________________________________________