What is the purpose of carnitine acyltransferase II?O formation of a fatty acyl-CoA molecule in the mitochondrial matrix after transport of a long chain acylcarnitine molecule fromthe cytosolO formation of an acylcarnitine molecule from an acyl-CoA molecule in the cytosol prior to transport across themitochondrial membraneO transport of an acylcarnitine molecule from the inner membrane space to the mitochondrial matrixO emulsification of long chain fatty acids prior to uptake by intestinal epithelial cells

Transferases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a functional group, such as a…

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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15.13) The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region and undergo oxidative phosphorylation. Name the two processes in which the energy from NADH made in glycolysis can enter the mitochondrial matrix. ANSWER: 1) malate-aspartate shuttle 2) glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle EXPLANATION: Oxidative phosphorylation requires that NADH be located within the mitochondrial matrix. Since pyruvate oxidation/decarboxylation and the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the NADH created in those processes can immediately undergo oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is able to pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane and enter the intermembrane space; however, it is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region. In order for the energy from this NADH to be utilized, it must be processed through "NADH shuttles." The two…
In mitochondria, the respiratory chain converts the potential energy of oxidized carbon into an electrochemical gradient that drives oxidative phosphorylation. Identify the full biochemical names for each of the four complexes of the respiratory chain. Intermembrane space H+ Q NADH NAD+H+ H+ FADH₂ FAD + H+ III II Q III cyt c cyt c H+ H₂O IV Answer Bank Matrix H+ H+ IV H₂O succinate dehydrogenase complex NADH dehydrogenase complex cytochrome oxidase cytochrome bc1 complex
Calculate the ATP yield for the complete oxidation of the ketone body 3-hydroxybutryate to 4 CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix. Use P:O ratios of 2.5 for NADH and 1.5 for QH2. Draw the chemical reaction and the movement of electrons (including the enolate intermediate) necessary for the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate to acetone and CO2. (Hint: review the mechanism of step 4 in glycolysis and step 3 in the citric acid cycle). Why is acetoacetate undergoing spontaneous decarboxylation while 3-hydroxybutyrate does not?
Acetyi CoA Oxaloncetate CoA NADH Citrate NAD Isocitrate Malate Funiarate NAD co NADH FADH, FAD a- Ketoghutarate Succinate co, NAD+ ATP Succinyl CuA NADH ADP - P For each molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle? (see the figure above) а. 2 b. 4 с. 6 d. 0 е. 3
The mitochondrial Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is a very large enzyme complex which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Describe the enzyme components that make up the PDC, indicating the contribution each makes to the pyruvate to acetyl-CoA process, as well as how the PDC itself is regulated by intermediates?
Many metabolites are transported either actively or passively across mitochondrial outerand inner membrane, like metabolites involved in urea cycle.(A) Besides the metabolites involved in urea cycle, name other metabolites that aretransported across the mitochondrial membranes and explain the biological importancefor transporting those metabolites (B) Mice fed with amphipathic chemical W, K and V were found to lose body weight. It wassuspected that W and K affected mitochondrial functions. The amount of foodconsumed by the mice was consistent throughout the experiment.i. When mice were fed with W, all mitochondrial proteins were function properly. Howdid W induce body weight loss? ii. When mice were fed with K, less complex III and IV were reduced in the electrontransport chains. Other mitochondrial proteins were function properly. How did Kinduce body weight loss? iii. When mice were fed with V, adenosine monophosphates (AMPs) were accumulated incytosol and mitochondria while no…
Fill in the bold using the table. Because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to L, when there is an excess of mitochondrial L, it converts to M using a TCA condensation reaction, M crosses to the cytosol using a designated transport system. In the cytosol, M reconverts to L and oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is subsequently converted to malate with simultaneous production of N, a prerequisite cofactor for the glycolysis pathway. This reaction is then followed by conversion of N to pyruvate which produces O, a prerequisite cofactor for the fatty acid synthesis pathway. L M N O A. ATP pyruvate malate NADPH B. ATP citrate ATP NAD+ C. acetyl CoA pyruvate NAD+ NADH D. acetyl CoA citrate NAD+ NADPH E. glucose pyruvate malate NADP+
Calcium is an important regulator of the citric acid cycle. Calcium is transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane by a Ca²- 2+ uniporter that is driven by the negative potential inside the matrix. Part A Assuming a membrane potential across the inner membrane of 172 mV (inside negative), calculate the ratio of the [Ca2+] in the matrix to that in the cytoplasm ([Ca2+]m/[Ca²+]c) that would exist at equilibrium (i.e., AG = 0). Express your answer using two significant figures. [Ca2+]m [Ca2+] = ΤΟ ΑΣΦ Submit Request Answer Part B ? Cytoplasmic [Ca2+] is on the order of 10-7 M in a healthy cell. Based on your answer in Part A, calculate the [Ca2+] that would exist in the matrix at equilibrium. Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ☐ μÅ ? Value Units
Which of the following most accurately describes the impact acetyl-CoA has in the cytosol of the liver cell? Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric inhibitor of PFK Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric inhibitor of pyruvate kinase Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric activator of PFK Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric activator of pyruvate kinase Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric activator of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase Acetyl CoA serves as an allosteric activator of PFK-2
Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion.
Make a rough drawing of the ATP synthase machinery within the mitochondrial membrane and specifically label the Fo and F1 subunits, as well as the C-ring, the a subunit, the y stalk and the a3ß3 hexamer.

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