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What is the conceptual hypothesis for this article? What are the variables identified in the hypothesis? How are each of these variables operationally defined? Rewrite the conceptual hypothesis as an operational hypothesis. If this is an experiment, what is the independent variable? If it is not an experiment, tell what the study is missing. If this is an experiment, what is the dependent variable? If it is not an experiment, write NA. How do the researchers control for individual differences across conditions in this study? Is there a manipulation check for this study? If so, what is it? If there is no manipulation check, write NA. If there is a manipulation check, does it increase or decrease internal and/or external validity? If there is not manipulation check, write NA. Is it a problem that the first four chocolates do not differ between conditions? Rate the internal validity of this study as high, medium, or low and defend/support your answer. Your rating is not as important as the support. Rate the external validity of this study as high, medium, or low and defend/support your answer. Your rating is not as important as the support.

What is the conceptual hypothesis for this article? What are the variables identified in the hypothesis? How are each of these variables operationally defined? Rewrite the conceptual hypothesis as an operational hypothesis. If this is an experiment, what is the independent variable? If it is not an experiment, tell what the study is missing. If this is an experiment, what is the dependent variable? If it is not an experiment, write NA. How do the researchers control for individual differences across conditions in this study? Is there a manipulation check for this study? If so, what is it? If there is no manipulation check, write NA. If there is a manipulation check, does it increase or decrease internal and/or external validity? If there is not manipulation check, write NA. Is it a problem that the first four chocolates do not differ between conditions? Rate the internal validity of this study as high, medium, or low and defend/support your answer. Your rating is not as important as the support. Rate the external validity of this study as high, medium, or low and defend/support your answer. Your rating is not as important as the support.

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Chapter1: The Science Of Psychology
Section: Chapter Questions
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What is the conceptual hypothesis for this article?

What are the variables identified in the hypothesis?

How are each of these variables operationally defined?

Rewrite the conceptual hypothesis as an operational hypothesis.

If this is an experiment, what is the independent variable? If it is not an experiment, tell what the study is missing.

If this is an experiment, what is the dependent variable? If it is not an experiment, write NA.

How do the researchers control for individual differences across conditions in this study?

Is there a manipulation check for this study? If so, what is it? If there is no manipulation check, write NA.

If there is a manipulation check, does it increase or decrease internal and/or external validity? If there is not manipulation check, write NA.

Is it a problem that the first four chocolates do not differ between conditions?

Rate the internal validity of this study as high, medium, or low and defend/support your answer. Your rating is not as important as the support.

Rate the external validity of this study as high, medium, or low and defend/support your answer. Your rating is not as important as the support.

Saving the Last for Best: A Positivity Bias for End Experiences Paychological Science 23(2) 163-165 OThe Authorfa) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.comjournalPermissions n DOI: 10.1177/0956797611427408 http:/pas.agepub.com SSAGE Ed O'Brien and Phoebe C. Ellsworth University of Michigan Received 7/19/11; Revision accepted 9/29/1| Imagine that your favorite restaurant is closing, and your final ingredients. Participants were given five chocolates, each with meal tastes especially delicious. Is it actually more tasty than a different flavor: milk, dark, crème, caramel, and almond. normal, or is it just more enjoyable because you know it is Participants were not told how many or which flavors they the last one? Previous research suggests that salient endings were tasting. An experimenter who was blind to the hypothesis may foster more positive attitudes toward the events that randomly pulled one chocolate of each flavor from a hidden preceded them. For example, students reminded of graduation pocket inside a full bag of candy (the hidden pocket was used felt greater affection for their school than did students not so participants would not know how many pieces of chocolate given such reminders (Ersner-Hershfield, Mikels, Sullivan, & they would be given). After eating each chocolate, participants Carstensen, 2008), and people who considered relocating rated how much they enjoyed it on a scale ranging from 0 valued their hometown friends more highly than did people (not at all enjoyable) to 10 (extremely enjoyable). They also who did not consider relocating (Fredrickson & Carstensen, described each flavor so we could record the order in which 1990). However, "lasts" are also common in everyday life and need not involve significant experiences. For example, on a condition. In the next condition, the experimenter said, "Here typical day, someone might read the last chapter of a book, eat is your next chocolate," before offering each chocolate after the last bite of lunch, listen to the last symposium speaker, and the first. In the last condition, the experimenter followed this give the last kiss goodnight. In turn, he or she may assess the same script before the second, third, and fourth chocolates but quality of each event (e.g., "How interesting was that final said, "Here is your last chocolate," before offering the fifth talk?"). When made salient, serial positioning may affect such chocolate. Thus, participants were either unaware or aware of assessments; this occurs because people are highly sensitive to which chocolate was last. Participants then indicated which temporal contexts, which influence many evaluations besides chocolate they liked best and how much they enjoyed the major life episodes (Aaker, Rudd, & Mogilner, 2011; Levine, experiment overall. 1997; McGrath & Tschan, 2004). Thus, just as graduations trigger more positive perceptions of school, people might demographic questions. In the manipulation check, subjects judge everyday "last" events more positively because they responded to a questionnaire asking what the experimenter generally signal the end of an experience. To test this possibility, we recruited participants to eat dif- were "next," "last," "none," or "don't know"). Data from 7 ferent flavors of chocolates one by one. We predicted that participants were eliminated from analysis because their when the last chocolate was made salient, it would be more responses on the manipulation check were incorrect. Finally, enjoyable, and it would taste better than the other chocolates we conducted a funnel debriefing (no participants indicated irrespective of flavor. We also predicted that when the last suspicion regarding the manipulation). chocolate was made salient, the experiment would be more enjoyable overalI, because endings drive global evaluations (as in duration neglect-Redelmeier & Kahneman, 1996); in other words, if the last chocolate tastes better than the ones Participants in the last condition rated the fifth chocolate as before it, the overall experience should seem better. they ate the five chocolates. Participants were randomly assigned to the next or the last This procedure was followed by a manipulation check and said before offering them the fifth chocolate (the four choices Results more enjoyable (M = 8.18, SD = 1.87) than participants in the Method Corresponding Author: Ed O'Brien, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Fifty-two students (28 males, 24 females) were recruited Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thampson St., Ann Arbor, MI individually in public campus areas to participate in an 48106 alleged taste test of new Hershey's Kisses containing local E-mail: obrieneh@umich.edu Dowricaded from paugapub.com by Michael Kachana on May a4, 2012
Transcribed Image Text:Saving the Last for Best: A Positivity Bias for End Experiences Paychological Science 23(2) 163-165 OThe Authorfa) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.comjournalPermissions n DOI: 10.1177/0956797611427408 http:/pas.agepub.com SSAGE Ed O'Brien and Phoebe C. Ellsworth University of Michigan Received 7/19/11; Revision accepted 9/29/1| Imagine that your favorite restaurant is closing, and your final ingredients. Participants were given five chocolates, each with meal tastes especially delicious. Is it actually more tasty than a different flavor: milk, dark, crème, caramel, and almond. normal, or is it just more enjoyable because you know it is Participants were not told how many or which flavors they the last one? Previous research suggests that salient endings were tasting. An experimenter who was blind to the hypothesis may foster more positive attitudes toward the events that randomly pulled one chocolate of each flavor from a hidden preceded them. For example, students reminded of graduation pocket inside a full bag of candy (the hidden pocket was used felt greater affection for their school than did students not so participants would not know how many pieces of chocolate given such reminders (Ersner-Hershfield, Mikels, Sullivan, & they would be given). After eating each chocolate, participants Carstensen, 2008), and people who considered relocating rated how much they enjoyed it on a scale ranging from 0 valued their hometown friends more highly than did people (not at all enjoyable) to 10 (extremely enjoyable). They also who did not consider relocating (Fredrickson & Carstensen, described each flavor so we could record the order in which 1990). However, "lasts" are also common in everyday life and need not involve significant experiences. For example, on a condition. In the next condition, the experimenter said, "Here typical day, someone might read the last chapter of a book, eat is your next chocolate," before offering each chocolate after the last bite of lunch, listen to the last symposium speaker, and the first. In the last condition, the experimenter followed this give the last kiss goodnight. In turn, he or she may assess the same script before the second, third, and fourth chocolates but quality of each event (e.g., "How interesting was that final said, "Here is your last chocolate," before offering the fifth talk?"). When made salient, serial positioning may affect such chocolate. Thus, participants were either unaware or aware of assessments; this occurs because people are highly sensitive to which chocolate was last. Participants then indicated which temporal contexts, which influence many evaluations besides chocolate they liked best and how much they enjoyed the major life episodes (Aaker, Rudd, & Mogilner, 2011; Levine, experiment overall. 1997; McGrath & Tschan, 2004). Thus, just as graduations trigger more positive perceptions of school, people might demographic questions. In the manipulation check, subjects judge everyday "last" events more positively because they responded to a questionnaire asking what the experimenter generally signal the end of an experience. To test this possibility, we recruited participants to eat dif- were "next," "last," "none," or "don't know"). Data from 7 ferent flavors of chocolates one by one. We predicted that participants were eliminated from analysis because their when the last chocolate was made salient, it would be more responses on the manipulation check were incorrect. Finally, enjoyable, and it would taste better than the other chocolates we conducted a funnel debriefing (no participants indicated irrespective of flavor. We also predicted that when the last suspicion regarding the manipulation). chocolate was made salient, the experiment would be more enjoyable overalI, because endings drive global evaluations (as in duration neglect-Redelmeier & Kahneman, 1996); in other words, if the last chocolate tastes better than the ones Participants in the last condition rated the fifth chocolate as before it, the overall experience should seem better. they ate the five chocolates. Participants were randomly assigned to the next or the last This procedure was followed by a manipulation check and said before offering them the fifth chocolate (the four choices Results more enjoyable (M = 8.18, SD = 1.87) than participants in the Method Corresponding Author: Ed O'Brien, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Fifty-two students (28 males, 24 females) were recruited Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thampson St., Ann Arbor, MI individually in public campus areas to participate in an 48106 alleged taste test of new Hershey's Kisses containing local E-mail: obrieneh@umich.edu Dowricaded from paugapub.com by Michael Kachana on May a4, 2012
Saving the Last for Best: A Positivity Bias for End Experiences Paychological Science 23(2) 163-165 OThe Authorfa) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.comjournalPermissions n DOI: 10.1177/0956797611427408 http:/pas.agepub.com SSAGE Ed O'Brien and Phoebe C. Ellsworth University of Michigan Received 7/19/11; Revision accepted 9/29/1| Imagine that your favorite restaurant is closing, and your final ingredients. Participants were given five chocolates, each with meal tastes especially delicious. Is it actually more tasty than a different flavor: milk, dark, crème, caramel, and almond. normal, or is it just more enjoyable because you know it is Participants were not told how many or which flavors they the last one? Previous research suggests that salient endings were tasting. An experimenter who was blind to the hypothesis may foster more positive attitudes toward the events that randomly pulled one chocolate of each flavor from a hidden preceded them. For example, students reminded of graduation pocket inside a full bag of candy (the hidden pocket was used felt greater affection for their school than did students not so participants would not know how many pieces of chocolate given such reminders (Ersner-Hershfield, Mikels, Sullivan, & they would be given). After eating each chocolate, participants Carstensen, 2008), and people who considered relocating rated how much they enjoyed it on a scale ranging from 0 valued their hometown friends more highly than did people (not at all enjoyable) to 10 (extremely enjoyable). They also who did not consider relocating (Fredrickson & Carstensen, described each flavor so we could record the order in which 1990). However, "lasts" are also common in everyday life and need not involve significant experiences. For example, on a condition. In the next condition, the experimenter said, "Here typical day, someone might read the last chapter of a book, eat is your next chocolate," before offering each chocolate after the last bite of lunch, listen to the last symposium speaker, and the first. In the last condition, the experimenter followed this give the last kiss goodnight. In turn, he or she may assess the same script before the second, third, and fourth chocolates but quality of each event (e.g., "How interesting was that final said, "Here is your last chocolate," before offering the fifth talk?"). When made salient, serial positioning may affect such chocolate. Thus, participants were either unaware or aware of assessments; this occurs because people are highly sensitive to which chocolate was last. Participants then indicated which temporal contexts, which influence many evaluations besides chocolate they liked best and how much they enjoyed the major life episodes (Aaker, Rudd, & Mogilner, 2011; Levine, experiment overall. 1997; McGrath & Tschan, 2004). Thus, just as graduations trigger more positive perceptions of school, people might demographic questions. In the manipulation check, subjects judge everyday "last" events more positively because they responded to a questionnaire asking what the experimenter generally signal the end of an experience. To test this possibility, we recruited participants to eat dif- were "next," "last," "none," or "don't know"). Data from 7 ferent flavors of chocolates one by one. We predicted that participants were eliminated from analysis because their when the last chocolate was made salient, it would be more responses on the manipulation check were incorrect. Finally, enjoyable, and it would taste better than the other chocolates we conducted a funnel debriefing (no participants indicated irrespective of flavor. We also predicted that when the last suspicion regarding the manipulation). chocolate was made salient, the experiment would be more enjoyable overalI, because endings drive global evaluations (as in duration neglect-Redelmeier & Kahneman, 1996); in other words, if the last chocolate tastes better than the ones Participants in the last condition rated the fifth chocolate as before it, the overall experience should seem better. they ate the five chocolates. Participants were randomly assigned to the next or the last This procedure was followed by a manipulation check and said before offering them the fifth chocolate (the four choices Results more enjoyable (M = 8.18, SD = 1.87) than participants in the Method Corresponding Author: Ed O'Brien, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Fifty-two students (28 males, 24 females) were recruited Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thampson St., Ann Arbor, MI individually in public campus areas to participate in an 48106 alleged taste test of new Hershey's Kisses containing local E-mail: obrieneh@umich.edu Dowricaded from paugapub.com by Michael Kachana on May a4, 2012
Transcribed Image Text:Saving the Last for Best: A Positivity Bias for End Experiences Paychological Science 23(2) 163-165 OThe Authorfa) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.comjournalPermissions n DOI: 10.1177/0956797611427408 http:/pas.agepub.com SSAGE Ed O'Brien and Phoebe C. Ellsworth University of Michigan Received 7/19/11; Revision accepted 9/29/1| Imagine that your favorite restaurant is closing, and your final ingredients. Participants were given five chocolates, each with meal tastes especially delicious. Is it actually more tasty than a different flavor: milk, dark, crème, caramel, and almond. normal, or is it just more enjoyable because you know it is Participants were not told how many or which flavors they the last one? Previous research suggests that salient endings were tasting. An experimenter who was blind to the hypothesis may foster more positive attitudes toward the events that randomly pulled one chocolate of each flavor from a hidden preceded them. For example, students reminded of graduation pocket inside a full bag of candy (the hidden pocket was used felt greater affection for their school than did students not so participants would not know how many pieces of chocolate given such reminders (Ersner-Hershfield, Mikels, Sullivan, & they would be given). After eating each chocolate, participants Carstensen, 2008), and people who considered relocating rated how much they enjoyed it on a scale ranging from 0 valued their hometown friends more highly than did people (not at all enjoyable) to 10 (extremely enjoyable). They also who did not consider relocating (Fredrickson & Carstensen, described each flavor so we could record the order in which 1990). However, "lasts" are also common in everyday life and need not involve significant experiences. For example, on a condition. In the next condition, the experimenter said, "Here typical day, someone might read the last chapter of a book, eat is your next chocolate," before offering each chocolate after the last bite of lunch, listen to the last symposium speaker, and the first. In the last condition, the experimenter followed this give the last kiss goodnight. In turn, he or she may assess the same script before the second, third, and fourth chocolates but quality of each event (e.g., "How interesting was that final said, "Here is your last chocolate," before offering the fifth talk?"). When made salient, serial positioning may affect such chocolate. Thus, participants were either unaware or aware of assessments; this occurs because people are highly sensitive to which chocolate was last. Participants then indicated which temporal contexts, which influence many evaluations besides chocolate they liked best and how much they enjoyed the major life episodes (Aaker, Rudd, & Mogilner, 2011; Levine, experiment overall. 1997; McGrath & Tschan, 2004). Thus, just as graduations trigger more positive perceptions of school, people might demographic questions. In the manipulation check, subjects judge everyday "last" events more positively because they responded to a questionnaire asking what the experimenter generally signal the end of an experience. To test this possibility, we recruited participants to eat dif- were "next," "last," "none," or "don't know"). Data from 7 ferent flavors of chocolates one by one. We predicted that participants were eliminated from analysis because their when the last chocolate was made salient, it would be more responses on the manipulation check were incorrect. Finally, enjoyable, and it would taste better than the other chocolates we conducted a funnel debriefing (no participants indicated irrespective of flavor. We also predicted that when the last suspicion regarding the manipulation). chocolate was made salient, the experiment would be more enjoyable overalI, because endings drive global evaluations (as in duration neglect-Redelmeier & Kahneman, 1996); in other words, if the last chocolate tastes better than the ones Participants in the last condition rated the fifth chocolate as before it, the overall experience should seem better. they ate the five chocolates. Participants were randomly assigned to the next or the last This procedure was followed by a manipulation check and said before offering them the fifth chocolate (the four choices Results more enjoyable (M = 8.18, SD = 1.87) than participants in the Method Corresponding Author: Ed O'Brien, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Fifty-two students (28 males, 24 females) were recruited Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thampson St., Ann Arbor, MI individually in public campus areas to participate in an 48106 alleged taste test of new Hershey's Kisses containing local E-mail: obrieneh@umich.edu Dowricaded from paugapub.com by Michael Kachana on May a4, 2012
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