ANSWER : a. Ligand: A ligand is a molecule which binds with another certain molecule by forming a complex, sometimes, delivering a signal thereby.
In case of glucagon pathway, the ligand binds with the receptor on the target cell membrane, which activates a certain protein, in order to catalyze the conversion of ATP to cAMP(cyclic adenosine monophosphate) . this activation leads to increase of intracellular cAMP level.
b. Receptor: The glucagon receptor (GCGR) is a class B GPCR. It is mainly located in kidney, intestine, muscle, fat, brain etc. These are found on the cell surface and align right by the side of G protein. When glucagon hormone from islet cells binds to these receptors on the surface of target tissues, the G protein is activated, which in turn increases the production of cAMP within the cell. This will eventually leads to an increase in blood glucose.
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