Vork (Ch 10) 2. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Cars impose 'many external costs on society: exhaust emissions that contribute to air pollution, congestion on roadways, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of cars is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for cars (their private value), the supply of cars (the private cost of producing them), and the social cost of cars, including both the private cost and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity. Social Cost Market Equilibrium Supply (Private Cost) Socially Optimal Level Demand (Private Value) QUANTITY OF CARS PRICE OF CARS +

Vork (Ch 10) 2. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Cars impose 'many external costs on society: exhaust emissions that contribute to air pollution, congestion on roadways, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of cars is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for cars (their private value), the supply of cars (the private cost of producing them), and the social cost of cars, including both the private cost and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity. Social Cost Market Equilibrium Supply (Private Cost) Socially Optimal Level Demand (Private Value) QUANTITY OF CARS PRICE OF CARS +

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantityof consumption Consider the market for bolts. Suppose that a hardware factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of bolts imposes a constant external cost of $140 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for bolts. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $140 per ton. PRICE (Dollars per ton of bolts) 400 360 320 280 200 160 120 80 40 0 0 O ☐ 1 O n ☐ 2 0 O ☐ O 5 QUANTITY (Tons of bolts) ☐ Supply 6 (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 7 Social Cost (?) The market equilibrium quantity is tons of bolts, but the socially optimal quantity of bolt production is tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of bolts, the government could impose a of bolts. per ton
Below is the hypothetical supply and demand diagram for iron supplements in Brazil with positive externalities. 1. Move Ej to the market's equilibrium. 2. Move E2 to the socially optimal equilibrium. Market for Iron Supplements 5.0 E 1 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 D social D internal 0.5 0.0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 Quantity (thousands) Price ($)
Consider the table. Number of street lamps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Marginal benefit (in $) 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 Suppose that a small town wants to install street lamps, which are nonrival in consumption and nonexcludable. Each of the 25 people in the town value street lamps according to the given schedule. Street lamps each cost $250 to install. Use this information to answer the questions. What is the socially optimal number of street lamps? street lampsstreet lamps Suppose that 20 of the 25 townspeople decide that they will not help pay for street lamps, and will instead enjoy (for free) the street lamps built by the other five people. What is the maximum number of street lamps that will be built by the remaining five people? street lampsstreet lamps Suppose the town government decides to build street lamps and pay for the street lamps through taxation. How much should each person be taxed to pay for the optimal number of street lamps if everyone is…
3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantityof consumption Consider the market for pharmaceuticals. Suppose that a pharmaceutical factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing additional pharmaceuticals imposes a constant per-unit external cost of $280. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for pharmaceuticals. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $280 per unit. PRICE (Dollars per unit of pharmaceuticals) 800 720 640 560 480 400 320 240 160 80 O 1 2 3 □ O O ㅁ 4 Supply (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 5 6 7 QUANTITY (Units of pharmaceuticals) Social Cost ? The market equilibrium quantity is units of pharmaceuticals, but the socially optimal quantity of pharmaceuticals production is units. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal…
According to marginal analysis, in a market that experiences a positive externality, the market (private) players would ________________________ to the socially optimal output level. A. over-produce an output level relative B. under-produce an output level relative C. exactly produce an output level equal
1. Externalities - Definition and examples An externality arises when a firm or person engages in an activity that affects the wellbeing of a third party, yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. If the impact on the third party is adverse, it is called a v externality. The following graph shows the demand and supply curves for a good with this typé of externality. The dashed drop lines on the graph reflect the market equilibrium price and quantity for this good. Adjust one or both of the curves to reflect the presence of the externality. If the social cost of producing the good is not equal to the private cost, then you should drag the supply curve to reflect the social costs of producing the good; similarly, if the social value of producing the good is not equal to the private value, then you should drag the demand curve to reflect the social value of consuming the good.
Consider the table. Number of street lamps Marginal benefit (in $) 123 4 5 6 7 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 Suppose that a small town wants to install street lamps, which are nonrival in consumption and nonexcludable. Each of the 25 people in the town value street lamps according to the given schedule. Street lamps each cost $250 to install. Use this information to answer the questions. What is the socially optimal number of street lamps? Suppose that 20 of the 25 townspeople decide that they will not help pay for street lamps, and will instead enjoy (for free) the street lamps built by the other five people. What is the maximum number of street lamps that will be built by the remaining five people? Suppose the town government decides to build street lamps and pay for the street lamps through taxation. How much should each person be taxed to pay for the optimal number of street lamps if everyone is taxed equally? S I street lamps street lamps
Question 16 Suppose that flu shots create a positive externality equal to $12 per shot. What is the relationship between the private equilibrium quantity and the socially optimal quantity of flu shots produced? Group of answer choices They are equal. The private equilibrium quantity is greater than the socially optimal quantity. The private equilibrium quantity is less than the socially optimal quantity. There is not enough information to answer the question.
3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantity of consumption Consider the market for electricity. Suppose that a power plant dumps byproducts into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the plant. Producing additional electricity imposes a constant per-unit external cost of $300. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for electricity. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $300 per unit. 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 PRICE (Dollars per unit of electricity) 100 ப 0 0 1 2 ° 3 0 ° 4 ° QUANTITY (Units of electricity) 5 6 Supply (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) Social Cost ? The market equilibrium quantity is units of electricity, but the socially optimal quantity of electricity production is units. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of electricity, the government…
6. A paper mill discharges chemicals into a river that washes the shores of a downstream resort area. The private cost, social cost, and marginal benefit associated with the production of paper are given by the following equations: PMC = 5 + Q, SMC = 10 + 2Q, and MB = 35 -0.5Q. a. Provide a labelled diagram to illustrate how the competitive free market will not produce the socially optimal amount of output. b. Illustrate the efficiency loss. C. Illustrate how a per-unit tax could be used to correct this problem.
3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantity of consumption Consider the market for steel. Suppose that a steel manufacturing plant dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the plant. Producing an additional ton of steel imposes a constant external cost of $140 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for steel. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $140 per ton. Sac Cont O Say Cet Demand P v QUANTITY (araf ste The market equilibrium quantity is tons of steel, but the socially optimal quantity of steel production is_ tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of steel, the government could impose a ▼ of5 per ton of steel. d al anid
SCENARIO: Developers of a new housing scheme spend money putting in roads, lighting and clearing land surrounding the scheme. (1) The type of market failure represented by the scenario is a/an (2) The market fails in this scenario because (3) Solution to the market failure is (4) The equilibrium quantity is (5) The private benefit curve is (6) The private cost curve is (7) The Efficient output is found where the → the socially efficient quantity. ◆