Answered: Vacuum furnaces are used in…

Elements Of Electromagnetics

7th Edition

ISBN:9780190698614

Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

Publisher:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

ChapterMA: Math Assessment

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1.1MA

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Vacuum furnaces are used in manufacturing for metal heating in brazing and sintering
processes, as well as for heat treatment of steel alloys. The vacuum, and absence of
air/oxygen, facilitates a low contamination process and prevents detrimental surface
oxidisation. Heat is often provided in these furnaces by electrical heating elements, and their
thermal design is critical to the effective operation of the furnace. In one such case, this
element is modelled as a long, cylindrical electrically heated rod, 20 mm in diameter
installed in a vacuum furnace as shown. The surface of the heating rod has an emissivity of
0.9 and is maintained at 1000 K, while the interior walls of the furnace are black and are at
800 K. Calculate the net rate at which heat is lost from the rod per unit length.

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