Two true-breeding pea plants are crossed. One parent is round, terminal, violet, constricted, while the other expresses the contrasting phenotypes of wrinkled, axial, white, full. The four pairs of contrasting traits are controlled by four genes, each located on a separate chromosome. In the F₁ generation, only round, axial, violet, and full are expressed. In the F2 generation, all possible combinations of these traits are expressed in ratios consistent with Mendelian inheritance. a. What conclusion can you draw about the inheritance of these traits based on the F₁ results? b. Which phenotype appears most frequently in the F2 results? Write a mathematical expression that predicts the frequency of occurrence of this phenotype. c. Which F₂ phenotype is expected to occur least frequently? Write a mathematical expression that predicts this frequency. d. How often is either P₁ phenotype likely to occur in the F2 generation? e. If the F₁ plant is testcrossed, how many different phenotypes will be produced?

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Angiosperm Reproduction

The process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants is known as angiosperm reproduction. In flowering plants, reproduction begins with pollination, or the transfer of male gametes (pollen) from the male reproductive organ (anther) to the female reproductive organ (pistil), and ends with fertilization of the female gametes (egg), which produces a zygote, which then grows to become a mature plant.