Two BMI2607 students are studying for the May/June exam, when they reach a learning unit on the body’s defensive systems. One of them insists that complement is part of the nonspecific second line of defense, but the partner insists that complement is part of an antibody immune response in the third line of defense. As the third person to join them, discuss how would you explain to them that they are both correct?

Q: What is Monoclonal Antibody? Write down its productions, applications, and limitations with proper…

A: Monoclonal antibodies are those antibodies that are identical to that of antibody which targets one…

Q: What is meant by the term “affinity maturation” and what is its significance in the human immune…

A: The Immune System is made up of many types of cells and chemicals that defend our bodies against…

Q: Adaptive immune responses are slow to develop, taking days to weeks after exposure to reach their…

A: Immunity It is a resistance acquired by a host towards an injury causing microbes or overall ability…

Q: What do you mean by innate immunity? Give and explain the components of innate immunity.

A: Immunity is a state of being well or immune. It can also be explained as resistance shown by the…

Q: What is innate immunity? Also explain its four types of barriers.

A: The immune system protects the body against pathogens and cancer cells. Immunity can be divided into…

Q: Ryan was exposed to virus A in January and missed several days of school due to his illness. In…

A: The white blood cells in the blood provides immunity in our body that ultimately fight against…

Q: This graph is illustrating the principle that: Secondary response (d) Primary Response anitbody…

A: Primary immune response is the reaction of immune system when it comes in contact with a pathogen…

Q: Name 4 mechanisms of innate immune defense

A: Innate immune defense system- In case of a pathogen attack, protection systems which activate…

Q: Why is iron availability important in body defenses?

A: The cells of the immune system are categorized as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. The…

Q: An antibody consists of four protein chains, two______chains and two_______ chains. Each is composed…

A: The molecules bind to one of the two types of protein receptors of the immune system. One of the…

Q: The development of primary and secondary immune responses to an antigen differ significantly. The…

A: The body's defence against infection is provided by the immune system, an intricate system of…

Q: n your own personal understanding, why are complements important in cellular and humoral mediated…

A: Cell-mediated immunity is where the body produces an immune response through activation of…

Q: Smallpox has been widely reported as a possible bioterror weapon. Given what you know about the…

A: Smallpox virus could be act as an bioterror weapon and it is said that in second world war it is…

Q: Select the best answer or answers from the choices given: All of the following are considered innate…

A: Innate immunity can be defined as the immunity present in the body at the time of the individual's…

Q: Past paper

A: (a) A complicated interaction of multiple immunological variables causes the concurrent rise in…

Q: While working as an immunologist at a local hospital, a patient shares with you that she is…

A: Microorganisms, insects, and worms are among the organisms that live in humans. Some of these…

Q: How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize?…

A: Antigens can be classified according to their source: Antigens from outside the body Exogenous…

Q: What is complement? In what two ways is it activated?How does complement provide protection?

A: Immunity is a state of being well or immune. It can also be explained as resistance shown by the…

Q: Select the best answer or answers from the choices given: All of the following are considered innate…

A: Immune response is defined as the process through which the body's immune cells recognise invading…

Q: During a secondary immune response, approximately how long does it take for antibodies to reach…

A: A secondary immune response is a type of immune system response that occurs after the primary immune…

Q: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed…

A: C3 is an important protein in the complement system of our innate immunity. C3 is also called…

Q: what are the three possible outcomes of complement activation?

A: There are many barriers in our body to prevent the entry of harmful microbes such as physical…

Q: You are an immunocompromised person with a history of serious lung infections, putting you at high…

A: Coronavirus disease was a pandemic disease that took place during 2020-2022. This is a contagious…

Q: The emphasis in innate immunity is that it is non-specific. Explain how two different factors/parts…

A: The immune system is the defense system of the body. It comprises different cells and organs that…

Q: your own personal understanding, why are complements important in cellular and humoral mediated…

A: The humoral immunity is referred to as immunity from the antibody. B cells can differentiate into…

Q: The development of primary and secondary immune responses to an antigen differs significantly. The…

A: The idea to maintain the clones of memory cells regardless of prior exposure is no doubt  good but…

Q: Acquired or adaptive immunity can be divided in to Natural Active, Natural Passive, Artificial…

A: Introduction: Adaptive immunity, also known as protective immunity, is the third line of defense…

Q: What is meant by “adaptive immunity”? A vaccination is an example of adaptive immunity? Explain how…

A: Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, unicellular fungi, etc. are ubiquitous in nature. Many of…

Q: Discuss the relative importance of (a) antibodies and (b) macrophages in the development of named…

A: Antibodies are substances produced by B lymphocytes in the body, against harmful and toxic…

Q: The adaptive specific immune response is more complex than the innate response. Discuss  ways in…

A: Human immune system is a complex system that provide the resistance against the diesease and any…

Q: What are the 5 classes (types) of antibodies? Be sure to include their names and functions.

A: An antibody, also known as immunoglobulin, is a protective protein produced by the immune system in…

Q: Match the class of antibody with its appropriate structure/function. 1st choice This dimeric…

A: Different Ig molecules different shapes. IgD,IgG and IdE are monomers.IgA is dimer.Ig M is pentamer.

Q: why is the study of Immune checkpoint inhibitors important for basic immunology and human diseases

A: Commercial availability, longer life time, and high efficacy against cancer cells are only a few of…

Q: True/False: Like innate sensors of infections (TLRs, NLRs, RLRs), antibodies frequently recognize…

A: Introduction: Antibody or immunoglobulin is a specialized glycoprotein synthesized from activated B…

Q: 29- 30. An allergy is caused when a person's immune system overreacts to a normally harmless…

A: When persons immune system or body becomes hypersensitive to some substances like food,  bee venom…

Q: virus-infected cells. Proliferation Release of cytotoxins IL-12 Co- Cell lysis stimulator molecules…

A: Introduction Immune system consists of many cells, molecules and tissues. Immune system work against…

Q: Why are innate immunity and inflammation described as “nonspecific”?

A: Introduction :- Barriers that prevent hazardous substances from entering your body are a part of…

Q: Please explain in depth, 800 word li

A: The Immune framework's approach to safeguarding the body against infectious disease. Immunity to an…

Q: Do vaccines produce active or passive humoral immunity? Explain your answer. Why is passive immunity…

A: Ability of the body to generate an immune response against a pathogen is called immunity. It is of…

Q: A 40 year old man with a compliment deficiency agrees to participate in a clinical study of immune…

A: A class of autoantibodies known as C3 nephritic factors (C3NFs) allow for ongoing overactivation of…

Q: What does innate mean? How is the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system?…

A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: PAMPS, TLRs, interferon

A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus which attacks the human (body's) immune system.   it…

Q: In your justification, be sure to provide: How the complement control protein normally functions,…

A: The complement system is composed of varieties of plasma proteins that interact with each other to…

Q: Anna arrives at the doctor’s office with a rash covering her legs. Discuss how would one determine…

A: Immunity is basically ability of the body to protect itself from any kind of foreign particles or…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.