Transketolase Transaldolase FIGUHE I234 Mecnainismor CH,CH the transketolase and transaldo- R-CH, CH, Lys-NH lase reactions. CH,CH N-CHA O-C HO-C-H HO-C-H TPP (ylid form) H-C-OH H-C-OH H-c-CH H-C-CH CH,OPO- Xu5P S7P R-CH, CH, CHCH Lys- SN-CHR HO-H HO f-CHOH H-C-oH H-C-CH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH,OPO,- CHOPO,- Protonated Schiff base (iminium ion) GAP 2 H* E4P R-CH, CH, R-CH, CH, CH,CH Resonance- stabilized Lys N-CHLR S N-CH,A carbanions HO--CH,O HO--CHOH HO H* O H+ R-CH CH, H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH o-c-CH,CH Lys-= GAP H-C-OH HO-C-H HO-C-H CH,OPO,- H-C-OH RSP H-C-OH H-C-CH H-C-OH CHOPO, Protonated Schiff base (iminium ion) o- TPP HON CHCH HO-C-H HO--H H-C-CH H-C-OH Lys-N + H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-CH CHOPO- CHOPO S7P F6P
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
Xylulose-5-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway (see Figure ). As xylulose-5-phosphate levels rise in response to excess glucose shunting through the pentose phosphate pathway, does flux through glycolysis increase or decrease?
![Transketolase
Transaldolase
FIGUHE I234 Mecnainismor
CH,CH
the transketolase and transaldo-
R-CH,
CH,
Lys-NH
lase reactions.
CH,CH
N-CHA
O-C
HO-C-H
HO-C-H
TPP (ylid form)
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-c-CH
H-C-CH
CH,OPO-
Xu5P
S7P
R-CH,
CH,
CHCH
Lys-
SN-CHR
HO-H
HO f-CHOH
H-C-oH
H-C-CH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH,OPO,-
CHOPO,-
Protonated Schiff base (iminium ion)
GAP
2 H*
E4P
R-CH,
CH,
R-CH,
CH,
CH,CH
Resonance-
stabilized
Lys
N-CHLR S
N-CH,A
carbanions
HO--CH,O
HO--CHOH
HO
H* O
H+
R-CH
CH,
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
o-c-CH,CH
Lys-=
GAP
H-C-OH
HO-C-H
HO-C-H
CH,OPO,-
H-C-OH
RSP
H-C-OH
H-C-CH
H-C-OH
CHOPO,
Protonated Schiff base (iminium ion)
o- TPP
HON
CHCH
HO-C-H
HO--H
H-C-CH
H-C-OH
Lys-N +
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-C-CH
CHOPO-
CHOPO
S7P
F6P](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F215151f8-1e04-496c-a403-f390d8c6cf3b%2F1b4870a9-422a-458c-8ed4-870f9ddee87c%2F9debyyw_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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