The saturated unit weight of a 10 m thick clay layer is 20 kN/m3. Calculate the vertical effective stress at a depth of 5 m if the groundwater level is at the surface and select the correct answer from the below: O A. Total stress 50 kPa Porewater pressure 48.5 kPa Effective stress 52.1 kPa O B. Total stress 120 kPa Porewater pressure 40 kPa Effective stress = 60 kPa 2C. Total stress 100 kPa Porewater pressure 49.1 kPa Effective stress = 50.1 KPa

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A: Figure is as shown

Principles of Seepage

In hydrology, when water flows down in a pore or crack of unsaturated soil due to gravity, the deep layer of soil is called seepage. It is the slow movement of water in the soil layer. Seepage is mainly found near hydraulic structures and is responsible for the stability of earthen-type hydraulic structures.