The Problem: Buffering of output can lead to unexpected results For example: std::cout << “Doing unrelated stuff” << std::endl; do_stuff(); std::cout << “Doing divide ... “; i = 1/0; // Divide by zero std::cout << “complete\n”; When runs this program prints (on some systems): Doing unrelated stuff Floating point exception8 From this output we can see that the problem is “obviously” in the do_stuff function. What's going on? The problem is that output is being buffered. So the string “Doing divide ...” goes into the buffer, then the program crashes with a divide by zero error, and the output is never displayed. This is where the confusion comes from

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Hash Table

A hash table also called a hash map, is a data structure that maps key-value pairs. The hash table can be used in complex systems to provide fast access and compact storage. A hash table is a structure that stores data in an abstract data type kind of associative array. It keeps data in an array format, with a distinct index value for every data value. If the index of the required data is known, then the data can be accessed very easily.