The Literary Digest was an American magazine that ran from 1890–1938. The magazine was famous for correctly predicting presidential winners since 1916 based on poll results. In 1936, however, it erroneously predicted that Alfred Landon would defeat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This fiasco ultimately resulted in the magazine going out of business. The reason for The Literary Digest’s incorrect results has been studied throughout the years and is a famous example in statistics classes. One reason that researchers have found for the faulty results is that even though the magazine polled ten million people, the return rate of the surveys was around 23%. What type of bias is this? voluntary response bias non-response bias self-interest study loaded questions sampling bias perceived lack of anonymity response bias
The Literary Digest was an American magazine that ran from 1890–1938. The magazine was famous for correctly predicting presidential winners since 1916 based on poll results. In 1936, however, it erroneously predicted that Alfred Landon would defeat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This fiasco ultimately resulted in the magazine going out of business.
The reason for The Literary Digest’s incorrect results has been studied throughout the years and is a famous example in statistics classes. One reason that researchers have found for the faulty results is that even though the magazine polled ten million people, the return rate of the surveys was around 23%. What type of bias is this?
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voluntary response bias |
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non-response bias |
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self-interest study |
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loaded questions |
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sampling bias |
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perceived lack of anonymity |
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response bias
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