The following chemical reaction can be used to convert furfural (C5H4O2) into methyl-tetrahydrofuran (C5H10O, methyl-THF): 4 H2(g) + C5H4O2(l) −−→ C5H10O(l) + H2O(l) (2) 4a. Use the following information to calculate ∆H◦rxn and ∆U◦rxn for the above reaction (all at 298 K): C5H4O2(l) + 5 O2(g) −−→ 5CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) (∆H◦1 = −2344 kJ/mol) C5H10O(l) + 7 O2(g) −−→ 5CO2(g) + 5 H2O(l) (∆H◦2 = −3122 kJ/mol) H2(g) + 12O2(g) −−→ H2O(l) (∆H◦3 = −286 kJ/mol) 4b. The above reaction is of interest for renewable fuel production. Furfural can be readily obtained from renewable sources by dry distillation of biomass (wood, etc) but is poorly stable on exposure to air. Conversion to methyl-THF results in a more stable compound that is suitable as a motor fuel. Suppose the reaction is to be run on a large scale in a chemical plant. Will it require heating or cooling in order to maintain a constant reaction temperature? Briefly justify your answer.
Reactions of Alkyl and Aryl halides
In organic chemistry, an alkyl halide is formed when an atom of hydrogen is switched by a halogen in a hydrocarbon or aliphatic compound. An aryl halide is formed when an atom of hydrogen is substituted by a halogen atom in an aromatic compound. Metals react with aryl halides and alkyl halides and they also go through nucleophilic substitution reactions and elimination reactions.
Zaitsev's Rule in Organic Chemistry
Alexander Zaitsev (also pronounced as Saytzeff), in 1875, prepared a rule to help predict the result of elimination reactions which stated, "The favored product in dehydrohalogenation reactions is that alkene that has the majority of alkyl groups attached to the double-bonded carbon atoms."
Tosylate
Tosylates are important functional groups in organic chemistry, mainly because of two important properties which they possess:
Alkyl Halides
A functional group is a collection of several atoms or bonds with certain characteristic chemical properties and reactions associated with it. There is a presence of a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I; it represents any halogen atom), as a functional group in alkyl halides. Therefore, it can be said that alkanes that contain a halogen compound are called alkyl halides.
Problem 4
The following
4 H2(g) + C5H4O2(l) −−→ C5H10O(l) + H2O(l) (2)
4a. Use the following information to calculate ∆H◦rxn and ∆U◦rxn for the above reaction (all at 298 K):
C5H4O2(l) + 5 O2(g) −−→ 5CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) (∆H◦1 = −2344 kJ/mol)
C5H10O(l) + 7 O2(g) −−→ 5CO2(g) + 5 H2O(l) (∆H◦2 = −3122 kJ/mol)
H2(g) + 12O2(g) −−→ H2O(l) (∆H◦3 = −286 kJ/mol)
4b. The above reaction is of interest for renewable fuel production. Furfural can be readily obtained from renewable sources by dry distillation of biomass (wood, etc) but is poorly stable on exposure to air. Conversion to methyl-THF results in a more stable compound that is suitable as a motor fuel. Suppose the reaction is to be run on a large scale in a chemical plant. Will it require heating or cooling in order to maintain a constant reaction temperature? Briefly justify your answer.
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