Chemistry 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter6: Thermochemistry
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define the following terms: potential energy, kinetic energy, path-dependent function, state... Problem 2RQ: Consider the following potential energy diagrams for two different reactions. Which plot represents... Problem 3RQ: What is the first law of thermodynamics? How can a system change its internal energy, E? What are... Problem 4RQ: When a gas expands, what is the sign of w? Why? When a gas contracts, what is the sign of w? Why?... Problem 5RQ: What is the heat gained/released at constant pressure equal1o (qp = ?)? What is the heat... Problem 6RQ: High-quality audio amplifiers generate large amounts of heat. To dissipate the heat and prevent... Problem 7RQ: Explain how calorimetry works to calculate H or E for a reaction. Does the temperature of the... Problem 8RQ: What is Hesss law? When a reaction is reversed, what happens to the sign and magnitude of H for that... Problem 9RQ: Define the standard enthalpy of formation. What are standard states for elements and for compounds?... Problem 1ALQ: Objects placed together eventually reach the same temperature. When you go into a room and touch a... Problem 2ALQ: What is meant by the term lower in energy? Which is lower in energy, a mixture of hydrogen and... Problem 3ALQ: A fire is started in a fireplace by striking a match and lighting crumpled paper under some logs.... Problem 4ALQ: Liquid water turns to ice. Is this process endothermic or exothermic? Explain what is occurring... Problem 5ALQ: Consider the following statements: ''Heat is a form of energy, and energy is conserved. The heat... Problem 6ALQ: Consider 5.5 L of a gas at a pressure of 3.0 atm in a cylinder with a movable piston. The external... Problem 7ALQ: Consider 5.5 L of a gas at a pressure of 3.0 atm in a cylinder with a movable piston. The external... Problem 8ALQ: What if energy was not conserved? How would this affect our lives? Problem 9ALQ: Hesss law is really just another statement of the first law of thermodynamics. Explain. Problem 10ALQ: In the equation w = P V, why is there a negative sign? Problem 13Q: Consider an airplane trip from Chicago, Illinois, to Denver, Colorado. List some path-dependent... Problem 14Q: How is average bond strength related to relative potential energies of the reactants and the... Problem 15Q: Assuming gasoline is pure C8H18(l), predict the signs of q and w for the process of combusting... Problem 16Q: What is the difference between H and E? Problem 17Q: The enthalpy change for the reaction CH4(g)+2O2(g)CO2(g)+2H2O(l) is 891 kJ for the reaction as... Problem 18Q: Explain why oceanfront areas generally have smaller temperature fluctuations than inland areas. Problem 19Q: The equation for the fermentation of glucose to alcohol and carbon dioxide is: C6H12O6(aq) ... Problem 20Q: Explain why H is obtained directly from coffee-cup calorimeters, whereas E is obtained directly from... Problem 21Q: The enthalpy of combustion of CH4(g) when H2O (1) is formed is 891 kJ/mol and the enthalpy of... Problem 22Q: The enthalpy change for a reaction is a state function and it is an extensive property. Explain. Problem 23Q: Standard enthalpies of formation are relative values. What are Hfvalues relative to? Problem 24Q: The combustion of methane can be represented as follows: a. Use the information given above to... Problem 25Q: Why is it a good idea to rinse your thermos bottle with hot water before filling it with hot coffee? Problem 26Q Problem 27Q: What is incomplete combustion of fossil fuels? Why can this be a problem? Problem 28Q: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen as an alternative fuel. Problem 29E Problem 30E: Which has the greater kinetic energy, an object with a mass of 2.0 kg and a velocity of 1.0 m/s or... Problem 31E: Consider the following diagram when answering the questions below. a. Compare balls A and B in terms... Problem 33E: A gas absorbs 45 kJ of heat and does 29 kJ of work. Calculate E. Problem 34E: Calculate E for each of the following. a. q = 47 kJ, w = + 88 kJ b. q = +82 kJ, w = 47 kJ c. q = +... Problem 35E: A system undergoes a process consisting of the following two steps: Step 1: The system absorbs 72 J... Problem 37E: If the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is increased by 300. J while 75 J of expansion work... Problem 38E: Calculate the internal energy change for each of the following. a. One hundred (100.) joules of work... Problem 39E: A sample of an ideal gas at 15.0 atm and 10.0 L is allowed to expand against a constant external... Problem 40E: A piston performs work of 210. L atm on the surroundings, while the cylinder in which it is placed... Problem 41E: Consider a mixture of air and gasoline vapor in a cylinder with a piston. The original volume is 40.... Problem 42E: As a system increases in volume, it absorbs 52.5 J of energy in the form of heat from the... Problem 43E: A balloon filled with 39.1 moles of helium has a volume of 876 L at 0.0C and 1.00 atm pressure. The... Problem 44E: One mole of H2O(g) at 1.00 atm and 100.C occupies a volume of 30.6 L. When 1 mole of H2O(g) is... Problem 45E: One of the components of polluted air is NO. It is formed in the high-temperature environment of... Problem 46E: The reaction SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq) is the last step in the commercial production of sulfuric acid.... Problem 47E: Are the following processes exothermic or endothermic? a. When solid KBr is dissolved in water, the... Problem 48E: Are the following processes exothermic or endothermic? a. the combustion of gasoline in a car engine... Problem 49E: The overall reaction in a commercial heat pack can be represented as 4Fe(s)+3O2(g)2Fe2O3(s)H=1652KJ... Problem 50E: Consider the following reaction: 2H2(g)+O2(g)2H2O(l)H=572KJ a. How much heat is evolved for the... Problem 51E: Consider the combustion of propane: C3H8(g)+5O2(g)3CO2(g)+4H2O(l)H=2221KJ Assume that all the heat... Problem 52E: Consider the following reaction: CH4(g)+2O2(g)CO2(g)+2H2O(l)H=891KJ Calculate the enthalpy change... Problem 53E: For the process H2O(l) H2O(g) at 298 K and 1.0 atm. H is more positive than E by 2.5 kJ/mol. What... Problem 54E: For the following reactions at constant pressure, predict if H E, H E, or H = E. a. 2HF(g) H2(g)... Problem 55E: Consider the substances in Table 7-1. Which substance requires the largest amount of energy to raise... Problem 56E: The specific heat capacity of silver is 0.24 J/Cg. a. Calculate the energy required to raise the... Problem 57E: A 500-g sample of one of the substances listed in Table 7-1 was heated from 25.2C to 55.1C,... Problem 58E: It takes 585 J of energy to raise the temperature of 125.6 g mercury from 20.0C to 53.5C. Calculate... Problem 59E: A 30.0-g sample of water at 280. K is mixed with 50.0 g water at 330. K. Calculate the final... Problem 60E: A biology experiment requires the preparation of a water bath at 37.0C (body temperature). The... Problem 61E: A 5.00-g sample of aluminum pellets (specific heat capacity = 0.89 J/C g) and a 10.00-g sample of... Problem 62E: Hydrogen gives off 120. J/g of energy when burned in oxygen, and methane gives off 50. J/g under the... Problem 63E: A 150.0-g sample of a metal at75.0C is added to 150.0 g H2O at 15.0C. The temperature of the water... Problem 64E: A 110.-g sample of copper (specific heat capacity = 0.20 J/C g) is heated to 82.4C and then placed... Problem 65E: In a coffee-cup calorimeter, 50.0 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3 and 50.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl are mixed to yield... Problem 66E: In a coffee-cup calorimeter, 100.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH and 100.0 mL of 1.0 M HCI are mixed. Both... Problem 67E: A coffee-cup calorimeter initially contains 125 g water at 24.2C. Potassium bromide (10.5 g), also... Problem 68E: In a coffee-cup calorimeter, 1.60 g NH4NO3 is mixed with 75.0 g water at an initial temperature of... Problem 69E: Consider the dissolution of CaCl2: CaCl2(s)Ca2+(aq)+2Cl(aq)H=81.5KJ An 11.0-g sample of CaCl2 is... Problem 70E: Consider the reaction 2HCl(aq)+Ba(OH)2(aq)BaCl2(aq)+2H2O(l)H=118KJ Calculate the heat when 100.0 rnL... Problem 71E: Quinone is an important type of molecule that is involved in photosynthesis. The transport of... Problem 72E: The energy content of food is typically determined using a bomb calorimeter. Consider the combustion... Problem 73E: The heat capacity of a bomb calorimeter was determined by burning 6.79 g methane (energy of... Problem 74E: The combustion of 0.1584 g benzoic acid increases the temperature of a bomb calorimeter by 2.54C.... Problem 75E: The enthalpy of combustion of solid carbon to form carbon dioxide is 393.7 KJ/mol carbon, and the... Problem 76E: Combustion reactions involve reacting a substance with oxygen. When compounds containing carbon and... Problem 77E: Given the following data calculate H for the reaction On the basis of the enthalpy change, is this a... Problem 78E Problem 79E: The bombardier beetle uses an explosive discharge as a defensive measure. The chemical reaction... Problem 80E: Calculate H for the reaction 2NH3(g)+12O2(g)N2H4(l)+H2O(l) given the following data:... Problem 81E: Given the following data... Problem 82E: Given the following data... Problem 83E: Give the definition of the standard enthalpy of formation for a substance. Write separate reactions... Problem 84E: Write reactions for which the enthalpy change will be a. Hf for solid aluminum oxide. b. the... Problem 85E: Use the values ofHf in Appendix 4 to calculate H for the following reactions. a. b.... Problem 86E: Use the values of Hf in Appendix 4 to calculate H for the following reactions. (See Exercise 77 .)... Problem 87E: The Ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen involves... Problem 88E: Calculate H for each of the following reactions using the data in Appendix 4:... Problem 89E: The reusable booster rockets of the space shuttle use a mixture of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate... Problem 90E: The space shuttle Orbiter utilizes the oxidation of methylhydrazine by dinitrogen tetroxide for... Problem 91E: Consider the reaction 2ClF3(g)+2NH3(g)N2(g)+6HF(g)+Cl2(g)H=1196KJ Calculate H for CIF3(g). Problem 92E: The standard enthalpy of combustion of ethene gas, C2H4(g), is 1411.1 kJ/mol at 298 K. Given the... Problem 93E: Water gas is produced from the reaction of steam with coal: C(s)+H2O(g)H2(g)+CO(g) Assuming that... Problem 94E: Syngas can be burned directly or converted to methanol. Calculate H for the reaction... Problem 95E: Ethanol (C2H5OH) has been proposed as an alternative fuel. Calculate the standard enthalpy of... Problem 96E: Methanol (CH3OH) has also been proposed as an alternative fuel. Calculate the standard enthalpy of... Problem 97E: Some automobiles and buses have been equipped to bum propane (C3H8). Compare the amounts of energy... Problem 98E: Acetylene (C2H2) and butane (C4H10) are gaseous fuels with enthalpies of combustion of 49.9 kJ/g and... Problem 99E Problem 100E: The complete combustion of acetylene, C2H2(g), produces 1300. kJ of energy per mole of acetylene... Problem 101AE: It has been determined that the body can generate 5500 kJ of energy during one hour of strenuous... Problem 102AE: One way to lose weight is to exercise! Walking briskly at 4.0 miles per hour for an hour consumes... Problem 103AE: Three gas-phase reactions were run in a constant-pressure piston apparatus as shown in the following... Problem 104AE: Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia gas .Consider the reaction between nitrogen... Problem 105AE: Combustion of table sugar produces CO2(g) and H2O( l). When 1.46 g table sugar is combusted in a... Problem 106AE Problem 107AE: A serving size of six cookies contains 4 g of fat, 20 g of carbohydrates, and 2 g of protein. If... Problem 108AE: Calculate H for the reaction 2K(s)+2H2O(l)2KOH(aq)+H2(g) A 5.00-g chunk of potassium is dropped into... Problem 109AE: The enthalpy of neutralization for the reaction of a strong acid with a strong base is 56 kJ/mol... Problem 110AE: Given the following data: NO2(g) NO(g) + O(g)H = 233 kJ 2O3(g) 3O2(g)H = 427 kJ NO(g) + O3(g) ... Problem 111AE: If a student performs an endothermic reaction in a calorimeter, how does the calculated value of H... Problem 112AE: In a bomb calorimeter, the reaction vessel is surrounded by water that must be added for each... Problem 113AE: The bomb calorimeter in Exercise 102 is filled with 987 g water. The initial temperature of the... Problem 114AE: Consider the two space shuttle fuel reactions in Exercises 81 and 82. Which reaction produces more... Problem 115AE: Consider the following equations: 3A+6B3DH=403KJ/molE+2FAH=105.2KJ/molCE+3DH=64.8KJ/mol Suppose the... Problem 116AE: Given the following data... Problem 117AE: At 298 K, the standard enthalpies of formation for C2H2(g) and C6H6(l) are 227 kJ/mol and 49 kJ/mol,... Problem 118AE: Using the following data, calculate the standard heat of formation of ICl(g) in kJ/mol:... Problem 119AE: A sample of nickel is heated to 99.8C and placed in a coffee-cup calorimeter containing 150.0 g... Problem 120AE: Given: 2Cu2O(s) + O2(g) 4CuO(s)H = 288 kJ Cu2O(s) CuO(s) + CuO(s)H = 11kJ Calculate the standard... Problem 121AE: Calculate H for each of the following reactions, which occur in the atmosphere. a. C2H4(g) + O3(g) ... Problem 122CWP: Consider a balloon filled with helium at the following conditions. 313 g He 1.00 atm 1910. L Molar... Problem 123CWP: In which of the following systems is(are) work done by the surroundings on the system? Assume... Problem 124CWP: Which of the following processes are exothermic? a. N2(g)2N(g) b. H2O(l)H2O(s) c. Cl2(g)2Cl(g) d.... Problem 125CWP: Consider the reaction B2H6(g)+3O2(s)B2O3(s)+3H2O(g)H=2035KJ Calculate the amount of heat released... Problem 126CWP: A swimming pool, 10.0 m by 4.0 m, is filled with water to a depth of 3.0 m at a temperature of... Problem 127CWP: In a coffee-cup calorimeter, 150.0 mL of 0.50 M HCI is added to 50.0 mL of 1.00 M NaOH to make 200.0... Problem 128CWP: Calculate H for the reaction N2H4(l)+O2(g)N2(g)+2H2O(l) given the following data: Equation H(KJ)... Problem 129CWP: Which of the following substances have an enthalpy of formation equal to zero? a. Cl2(g) b. H2(g) c.... Problem 130CP: Consider 2.00 moles of an ideal gas that are taken from state A (PA = 2.00 atm, vA = 10.0 L) to... Problem 131CP: For the process H2O(l)H2O(g) at 298 K and 1.0 atm, H is more positive than E by 2.5 kJ/mol. What... Problem 132CP: The sun supplies energy at a rate of about 1.0 kilowatt per square meter of surface area (1 watt = 1... Problem 133CP: The best solar panels currently available are about 15% efficient in converting sunlight to... Problem 134CP: On Easter Sunday, April 3, 1983, nitric acid spilled from a tank car near downtown Denver, Colorado.... Problem 135CP: A piece of chocolate cake contains about 400 calories. A nutritional calorie is equal to 1000... Problem 136CP: The standard enthalpies of formation for S(g), F(g), SF4(g), and SF6(g) are +278.8, +79.0, 775, and... Problem 137CP: You have a l.00-mole sample of water at 30.C and you heat it until you have gaseous water at 140.C.... Problem 138CP: A 500.0-g sample of an element at 195C is dropped into an ice--water mixture; 109.5 g ice melts and... Problem 140IP: When 1.00 L of 2.00 M Na2SO4 solution at 30.0c is added to 2.00 L of 0.750 M Ba(NO3)2 solution at... Problem 141IP: The preparation of NO2(g) from N2(g) and O2(g) is an endothermic reaction: N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g)... Problem 142IP: Nitromethane, CH3NO2, can be used as a fuel. When the liquid is burned, the (unbalanced) reaction is... Problem 143IP: A cubic piece of uranium metal (specific heat capacity = 0.117 J/C g) at 200.0C is dropped into... Problem 145MP: A gaseous hydrocarbon reacts completely with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water vapour.... Problem 19Q: The equation for the fermentation of glucose to alcohol and carbon dioxide is: C6H12O6(aq) ...
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The First Law of Thermodynamics , known as Conservation of Energy, states that when energy is transformed, the total stays the same. Describe TWO examples of the first law, one involving living organisms and one not involving living organisms.
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
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