The design specifications of a 2-m-long solid circular transmission shaft require that the angle of twist of the shaft not exceed 3° when a torque of 9 kN·m is applied. Determine the required diameter of the shaft, knowing that the shaft is made of (a) a steel with an allowable shearing stress of 90 MPa and a modulus of rigidity of 77 GPa, (b) a bronze with an allowable shearing stress of 35 MPa and a modulus of rigidity of 42 GPa

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Q: C Тс 3 Tc 325 N - т 28 тт В Тв 3D 517 N — т 42 тm A

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A: we are going to apply the Torsion equation over the shaft.

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A: The given information in the problem is shown in the following attached image:

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Q: the maximum shearing stress

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Q: d₁ = 38 mm d₂

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.