Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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I’m having hard time drawing out the complete curve arrow mechanism. Can you please help and find the reagent and intermediate as well?
![**Topic: Biochemical Reaction Intermediates**
**1. Reaction involving a Thiol and NAD⁺:**
**Equation**:
\[ \mathrm{RCHO + R'-SH \rightarrow \text{tetrahedral intermediate} \rightarrow + NAD^+ \rightarrow RCOSR'} \]
**Explanation**:
This reaction diagram illustrates the process of a biochemical reaction where an aldehyde (RCHO) reacts with a thiol (R'-SH). The initial step forms a tetrahedral intermediate. When NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) is introduced into the reaction, the intermediate is eventually converted into a thioester (RCOSR').
---
**2. Glutamate Conversion to α-Ketoglutarate:**
**Equation**:
\[ \mathrm{Glutamate \, \xrightarrow{\scriptsize NAD^+} \, \text{imine intermediate} \, \xrightarrow{\scriptsize H_2O} \, \alpha\text{-ketoglutarate}} \]
**Explanation**:
This reaction diagram depicts the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate. Initially, glutamate (a common amino acid) interacts with NAD⁺ to form an imine intermediate. This intermediate, upon the addition of water (H₂O), is finally converted into α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle. The process involves deamination of glutamate, which is crucial in amino acid metabolism and energy production pathways.
---
**Diagram Details**:
- **Glutamate Structure**:
- Contains a central carbon (alpha carbon) bonded to an amino group (NH₃⁺), a hydrogen atom (H), a carboxyl group (COO⁻), and a side chain containing a second carboxyl group.
- **α-Ketoglutarate Structure**:
- Contains a five-carbon backbone with two carboxyl groups (COO⁻), and a ketone group (C=O) on the second carbon of the chain.
These diagrams emphasize the crucial biochemical transformations facilitated by NAD⁺, which acts as an essential coenzyme in redox reactions.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fed0e2623-c4b6-4043-8a8d-4e481cc6913d%2F6c1f5c7d-b920-4f57-a227-84a64edd51d3%2F935ie2_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Topic: Biochemical Reaction Intermediates**
**1. Reaction involving a Thiol and NAD⁺:**
**Equation**:
\[ \mathrm{RCHO + R'-SH \rightarrow \text{tetrahedral intermediate} \rightarrow + NAD^+ \rightarrow RCOSR'} \]
**Explanation**:
This reaction diagram illustrates the process of a biochemical reaction where an aldehyde (RCHO) reacts with a thiol (R'-SH). The initial step forms a tetrahedral intermediate. When NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) is introduced into the reaction, the intermediate is eventually converted into a thioester (RCOSR').
---
**2. Glutamate Conversion to α-Ketoglutarate:**
**Equation**:
\[ \mathrm{Glutamate \, \xrightarrow{\scriptsize NAD^+} \, \text{imine intermediate} \, \xrightarrow{\scriptsize H_2O} \, \alpha\text{-ketoglutarate}} \]
**Explanation**:
This reaction diagram depicts the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate. Initially, glutamate (a common amino acid) interacts with NAD⁺ to form an imine intermediate. This intermediate, upon the addition of water (H₂O), is finally converted into α-ketoglutarate, a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle. The process involves deamination of glutamate, which is crucial in amino acid metabolism and energy production pathways.
---
**Diagram Details**:
- **Glutamate Structure**:
- Contains a central carbon (alpha carbon) bonded to an amino group (NH₃⁺), a hydrogen atom (H), a carboxyl group (COO⁻), and a side chain containing a second carboxyl group.
- **α-Ketoglutarate Structure**:
- Contains a five-carbon backbone with two carboxyl groups (COO⁻), and a ketone group (C=O) on the second carbon of the chain.
These diagrams emphasize the crucial biochemical transformations facilitated by NAD⁺, which acts as an essential coenzyme in redox reactions.
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