(a)Table Q1(a) shows typical values for the intracellular and extracellularconcentrations of the major ion species (in millimoles per litre) for frog skeletalQ1muscle.Table Q1(a)Permeability (cm/s)2 x 10-82 x 1064 x 10-6IonsIntracellularExtracellularNa*12145K*15544120By referring to Table Q1(a), compute the equilibrium resting potential for thismembrane by assuming the room temperature is 20° C. Given the Boltzman'sconstant, k= 1.38 x 1023 J/K and an electronic charge, q = 1.602 x 1019 C.

All cells have an electrical potential difference or membrane potential across their plasma…

Answered: Table Q1(a) shows typical values for…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Acetylcholine-gated cation channels at the neu-romuscular junction open in response to acetylcholinereleased by the nerve terminal and allow Na+ ions to enterthe muscle cell, which causes membrane depolarizationand ultimately leads to muscle contraction.A. Patch-clamp measurements show that young ratmuscles have cation channels that respond to acetylcho-line (Figure Q11–4). How many kinds of channel are there?How can you tell?B. For each kind of channel, calculate the number ofions that enter in one millisecond. (One ampere is a cur-rent of one coulomb per second; one pA equals 10–12ampere. An ion with a single charge such as Na+ carries acharge of 1.6 × 10–19 coulomb.)
The ion flows across neuronal membranes at rest and duringan action potential do not significantly change bulk ionconcentrations, except for that of Ca2+ ions. Resting Ca2+ ionconcentrations in cells are usually about 10–7 M, and Ca2+ ionsexert physiological effects at concentrations of perhaps 10–5 M.Explain why relative changes of intracellular [Ca2+] are muchgreater than for, say, [Na+] (12–50 mM).
Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both “striated” types of muscle and yet they have very distinct functional characteristics. a) Skeletal muscle functions as discrete motor units and the cardiac muscle works as a functional syncytium. Define the italicized terms in the previous sentence, explain their importance, and describe the cellular features that underlie these functional differences. b) Cardiac muscle exhibits automaticity, while excitation of skeletal muscle is neurogenic. Define the italicized terms and provide a brief explanation of mechanisms underlying each.
Calculate the driving force for Na+, K+, and Ca2+ current in a neuron under physiological conditions.
Why does muscle CAP Amp for both the normal Ringer's solution and Ringer's solution with Neostigmine increased as the stimulus amplitude increased, but a normal Ringer's solution would have a larger muscle CAP Amp value? Why is this the same case for a CAP Period as stimulus amplitude increases?. Why would Muscle CAP Period values for Ringer's with NEO then have larger values. Why does a normal Ringer's solution take longer to reach maximum action potential ?
First, explain how resting membrane potential is established in terms of ion concentration and electric charge. Next, explain the process of neural signal transmission from an alpha motor neuron to the muscle fiber. Do this by explaining how an AP is generated (ions and membrane proteins) at the neuron, how the signal is propagated, what happens at the axon terminal, what happens at the motor endplate, and explain all the molecular events that occur to cause muscle contraction.
The concentration of potassium ions inside a nerve cell membrane is higher than the concentration of sodium ions outside the mem-brane, yet the inside of the membrane (where the cation concentra-tion is higher) is negative to the outside. Explain this observation in terms of permeability properties of the membrane.
The action potential generated in the squid giant axon requires voltage-gated potassium channels. Describe the shape of the action potential if these channels are blocked using TEA (Tetraethylammonium).
Compound X has been shown to block voltage-gated K+ channels with an IC50 of 0.1 mM. Which of the following is the most likely to occur in neurones following application of 0.03 mM X? Action potentials would be prolonged and the resting potential would be depolarised. Action potentials would be prolonged but the resting potential would remain the same. Neither resting potential nor action potentials would be affected because the concentration of X is less than the IC50 value. The resting membrane potential would depolarise but there would be no effect on action potentials.
Explain the intracellular mechansim of smooth muscle relaxation of agaonist such as mepyrimine and atropine.
What is the intracellular voltage for Cl- if the intracellular concentration was 5 mM and the extracellular concentration was 130 mM. Write the voltage as a number in mV inside the cell relative to that outside, eg. -72 or + 90. Question 2. What is the intracellular voltage for Ca++ if the intracellular concentration was 0.0008 mM and the extracellular concentration was 0.6 mM. Write the voltage as a number in mV inside the cell relative to that outside, eg. -72 or +90. Round to the nearest milli Volt.
High blood K+ concentrations cause depolarization of the restingmembrane potential. Predict and explain the effect of high blood K+levels on smooth muscle function

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