Table 7.3 Power Output or Consumption Object or Phenomenon Power in Watts Supernova (at peak) 5x1037 Milky Way galaxy 1037 Crab Nebula pulsar 1028 The Sun 4x1026 Volcanic eruption (maximum) 4x1015 Lightning bolt 2x1012 Nuclear power plant (total electric and heat transfer) 3x10° Aircraft carrier (total useful and heat transfer) 108 Dragster (total useful and heat transfer) 2x106 Car (total useful and heat transfer) 8×104 Football player (total useful and heat transfer) 5×103 Clothes dryer 4x103 Person at rest (all heat transfer) 100 Typical incandescent light bulb (total useful and heat transfer) 60 Heart, person at rest (total useful and heat transfer) Electric clock 3 Pocket calculator 10-3
Stellar evolution
We may see thousands of stars in the dark sky. Our universe consists of billions of stars. Stars may appear tiny to us but they are huge balls of gasses. Sun is a star of average size. Some stars are even a thousand times larger than the sun. The stars do not exist forever they have a certain lifetime. The life span of the sun is about 10 billion years. The star undergoes various changes during its lifetime, this process is called stellar evolution. The structure of the sun-like star is shown below.
Red Shift
It is an astronomical phenomenon. In this phenomenon, increase in wavelength with corresponding decrease in photon energy and frequency of radiation of light. It is the displacement of spectrum of any kind of astronomical object to the longer wavelengths (red) side.
Suppose a star 1000 times brighter than our Sun (that is, emitting 1000 times the power) suddenly goes supernova. Using data from Table: (a) By what factor does its power output increase? (b) How many times brighter than our entire Milky Way galaxy is the supernova? (c) Based on your answers, discuss whether it should be possible to observe supernovas in distant galaxies. Note that there are on the order of 1011 observable galaxies, the average brightness of which is somewhat less than our own galaxy.
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