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Specifying Hotspot End Position Instructions Make the ends of your curved arrows specify the destination of the reorganizing electron(s) as exactly as ossible. Keep in mind that not all hotspots are interchangeable; for example, an arrow starting/ending at the nterior of an atom (represented by an atomic symbol) is not the same as an arrow starting/ending at a lone pair. correct Hi: incorrect HCI: correct H H₂CC+ incorrect H H₂C-C+ CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 -H* -H* H* H* H₂C=C H₂C=C :CI: :ci: CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

Specifying Hotspot End Position Instructions Make the ends of your curved arrows specify the destination of the reorganizing electron(s) as exactly as ossible. Keep in mind that not all hotspots are interchangeable; for example, an arrow starting/ending at the nterior of an atom (represented by an atomic symbol) is not the same as an arrow starting/ending at a lone pair. correct Hi: incorrect HCI: correct H H₂CC+ incorrect H H₂C-C+ CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 -H* -H* H* H* H₂C=C H₂C=C :CI: :ci: CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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#6). Second picture shows how to use arrows correctly.

### Specifying Hotspot End Position Instructions Make the ends of your curved arrows specify the destination of the reorganizing electron(s) as exactly as possible. Keep in mind that not all hotspots are interchangeable; for example, an arrow starting/ending at the interior of an atom (represented by an atomic symbol) is not the same as an arrow starting/ending at a lone pair. --- **Correct Example 1:** Depicts the movement of electrons from a bond between hydrogen (H) and chlorine (Cl) to the chlorine atom. Illustrated by the curved arrow starting at the H-Cl bond and ending at the lone pair on the chlorine atom. - **Reaction:** H-Cl → H⁺ + Cl⁻ **Explanation:** - The curved arrow indicates the electrons from the H-Cl bond moving to the chlorine atom, resulting in the formation of H⁺ (hydrogen ion) and Cl⁻ (chlorine ion) with a complete octet (represented by Cl with three lone pairs). --- **Incorrect Example 1:** Shows an incorrect depiction of the electron movement from the hydrogen-chlorine bond to nowhere specific. - **Reaction:** H-Cl → H⁺ + Cl⁻ **Explanation:** - The incorrect curved arrow does not properly show the electrons moving to the chlorine atom, leading to a misrepresentation of the electron reorganization. --- **Correct Example 2:** Demonstrates a bond rearrangement in an organic molecule where the curved arrow indicates electron movement leading to the loss of a hydrogen ion (H⁺). - **Reaction:** \[ \chemfig{H_2C\C([2]C)H} \textsfgothic{(+)} → \chemfig{H_2C\C([2+]C)}H_3 \textsfgothic{-H^+} \] **Explanation:** - The curved arrow starts at the bond adjacent to the hydrogen and ends at the electron-deficient carbon, accurately representing the loss of H⁺ and the formation of a stable carbocation intermediate. --- **Incorrect Example 2:** Depicts an incorrect electron movement where the curved arrow does not start and end properly, leading to the wrong configuration. - **Reaction:** \[ \chemfig{H_2C\C([2]C)H} → \chemfig{H_2C\
Transcribed Image Text:### Specifying Hotspot End Position Instructions Make the ends of your curved arrows specify the destination of the reorganizing electron(s) as exactly as possible. Keep in mind that not all hotspots are interchangeable; for example, an arrow starting/ending at the interior of an atom (represented by an atomic symbol) is not the same as an arrow starting/ending at a lone pair. --- **Correct Example 1:** Depicts the movement of electrons from a bond between hydrogen (H) and chlorine (Cl) to the chlorine atom. Illustrated by the curved arrow starting at the H-Cl bond and ending at the lone pair on the chlorine atom. - **Reaction:** H-Cl → H⁺ + Cl⁻ **Explanation:** - The curved arrow indicates the electrons from the H-Cl bond moving to the chlorine atom, resulting in the formation of H⁺ (hydrogen ion) and Cl⁻ (chlorine ion) with a complete octet (represented by Cl with three lone pairs). --- **Incorrect Example 1:** Shows an incorrect depiction of the electron movement from the hydrogen-chlorine bond to nowhere specific. - **Reaction:** H-Cl → H⁺ + Cl⁻ **Explanation:** - The incorrect curved arrow does not properly show the electrons moving to the chlorine atom, leading to a misrepresentation of the electron reorganization. --- **Correct Example 2:** Demonstrates a bond rearrangement in an organic molecule where the curved arrow indicates electron movement leading to the loss of a hydrogen ion (H⁺). - **Reaction:** \[ \chemfig{H_2C\C([2]C)H} \textsfgothic{(+)} → \chemfig{H_2C\C([2+]C)}H_3 \textsfgothic{-H^+} \] **Explanation:** - The curved arrow starts at the bond adjacent to the hydrogen and ends at the electron-deficient carbon, accurately representing the loss of H⁺ and the formation of a stable carbocation intermediate. --- **Incorrect Example 2:** Depicts an incorrect electron movement where the curved arrow does not start and end properly, leading to the wrong configuration. - **Reaction:** \[ \chemfig{H_2C\C([2]C)H} → \chemfig{H_2C\
### E1 Mechanism for Tertiary Alcohols Elimination **Overview of the Reaction:** Tertiary alcohols undergo elimination via an E1 mechanism since the tertiary carbocation intermediate is especially stable. Zaitsev's rule is followed in the elimination process to give the more substituted alkene as the major product. **Reaction Steps:** 1. The tertiary alcohol reacts with a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺). 2. A carbocation intermediate is formed when the hydroxyl group (OH) is protonated and water (H₂O) leaves. 3. The intermediate carbocation undergoes deprotonation to form the final more substituted alkene product, following Zaitsev's rule. **Visual Representation:** The reaction sequences can be visualized with the following structures and mechanisms: 1. **Initial Reaction:** - **Reactant:** A tertiary alcohol: ![CH₃ - CH₂ - C(CH₃)(OH) - CH₃]. - **Reagent:** Hydronium ion (H₃O⁺). - **Intermediate:** Tertiary carbocation: ![CH₃ - CH₂ - C(CH₃) - CH₃ - H₂O]. - **Product:** Substituted alkene: ![CH₃ - CH₂ - C(CH₃) = CH₂]. 2. **Mechanism Details:** - **Step 1:** Protonation of the hydroxyl group (-OH) to form water (H₂O). - Draw a curved arrow from the lone pairs of the oxygen in the hydroxyl group to the hydrogen in H₃O⁺. - **Step 2:** Departure of water forming a tertiary carbocation (C⁺). - Draw a curved arrow from the bond between carbon and oxygen to the oxygen atom, indicating the formation of water. - **Step 3:** Deprotonation at the beta-carbon to form the alkene. - Draw a curved arrow from the carbon-hydrogen bond adjacent to the carbocation to the carbocation itself, indicating the formation of a double bond. **Arrow-Pushing Diagram:** An arrow-pushing diagram is included to visually guide the electron movement during the reaction steps. It helps in understanding how bonds are formed and broken during the reaction. **Illustrations:** ![Figure 1: Initial Reaction] ``
Transcribed Image Text:### E1 Mechanism for Tertiary Alcohols Elimination **Overview of the Reaction:** Tertiary alcohols undergo elimination via an E1 mechanism since the tertiary carbocation intermediate is especially stable. Zaitsev's rule is followed in the elimination process to give the more substituted alkene as the major product. **Reaction Steps:** 1. The tertiary alcohol reacts with a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺). 2. A carbocation intermediate is formed when the hydroxyl group (OH) is protonated and water (H₂O) leaves. 3. The intermediate carbocation undergoes deprotonation to form the final more substituted alkene product, following Zaitsev's rule. **Visual Representation:** The reaction sequences can be visualized with the following structures and mechanisms: 1. **Initial Reaction:** - **Reactant:** A tertiary alcohol: ![CH₃ - CH₂ - C(CH₃)(OH) - CH₃]. - **Reagent:** Hydronium ion (H₃O⁺). - **Intermediate:** Tertiary carbocation: ![CH₃ - CH₂ - C(CH₃) - CH₃ - H₂O]. - **Product:** Substituted alkene: ![CH₃ - CH₂ - C(CH₃) = CH₂]. 2. **Mechanism Details:** - **Step 1:** Protonation of the hydroxyl group (-OH) to form water (H₂O). - Draw a curved arrow from the lone pairs of the oxygen in the hydroxyl group to the hydrogen in H₃O⁺. - **Step 2:** Departure of water forming a tertiary carbocation (C⁺). - Draw a curved arrow from the bond between carbon and oxygen to the oxygen atom, indicating the formation of water. - **Step 3:** Deprotonation at the beta-carbon to form the alkene. - Draw a curved arrow from the carbon-hydrogen bond adjacent to the carbocation to the carbocation itself, indicating the formation of a double bond. **Arrow-Pushing Diagram:** An arrow-pushing diagram is included to visually guide the electron movement during the reaction steps. It helps in understanding how bonds are formed and broken during the reaction. **Illustrations:** ![Figure 1: Initial Reaction] ``
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