Specify the proper fail-safe action for the control valves in the following applications. Specify either fail-open or fail-close. (a) A flammable solvent is heated by steam in a heat exchanger. The control valve manipulates the steam flow rate to the exchanger. (b) A control valve manipulates the flow rate of reactant to a reactor vessel. The reaction is exothermic. (c) A control valve manipulates the flow of natural gas (combustible) to a furnace. Another control valve manipulates the flow of combustion air to the same furnace.

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