Sister chromatids Treat cells with agents that make them swell and fixes them onto slide. Denature chromosomal DNA Denatured- DNA Add single-stranded DNA probes that have blotin Incorporated Into them. Hybridized probe Add fluorescently labeled avidin that binds to blotin. Fluorescent Fluorescent - molecule bound to probe question and your understanding of the topic? From the question, you know that some people with PKU have a point mutation in the phenylalanine hydrox ylase gene, whereas others have experienced a deletion of the gene. From your understanding of the topic, you may remember that FISH is used to detect a gene's location within an intact set of chromosomes. PROBLEM-SOLVING S TRATEGY: Design an experiment. One strategy to solve this problem is to design an experiment using FISH. View with a fluorescence FIGURE 23.2 The technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The probe hybridizes to the denatured chromosomal DNA only at a specific mlcroscope. ONLINE ANIMATION complementary site in the genome. Note that the chromosomes are highly condensed metaphase chromosomes that have already replicated. These are sister chromatids. Therefore, each X- shaped chromosome actually contains two copies of a particular gene. Because the sister chromatids are identical, a probe that recognizes a site on one sister chromatid will also bind to the same site on the other. CONCEPT CHECK: Why does the probe bind to a specific site on a chromosome?
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
The figure shown describes the technique of FISH. Why is it necessary
to fix the cells (and the chromosomes inside of them) to the slides?
What does it mean to fix them? Why is it necessary to denature the
chromosomal DNA?
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