Rollin Hotchkiss and Julius Marmur studied transformation in the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (R. D. Hotchkiss and J. Marmur. 1954. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 40:55-60). They examined four mutations in this bacterium: penicillin resistance (P), streptomycin resistance (S), sulfanilamide resistance (F), and the ability to use mannitol (M). They extracted DNA from strains of bacteria with different combinations of different mutations and used this DNA to transform wild-type bacterial cells (P* St F* M*). The results from one of their transformation experiments are shown here. Recipient Percentage of all cells Donor Transformants DNA DNA MSF M* s* F* M* SF* 4.0 M* s* F 4.0 M S* F* 2.6 MSF* 0.41 M* SF 0.22 M S* F 0.0058 MSF 0.0071

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Hotchkiss and Marmur noted that the percentage of cotransformation was higher than would be expected on a random basis. For example, the results show that 2.6% of the cells were transformed into M and 4% were transformed into S. If the M and S traits were inherited independently, the expected probability of cotransformation of M and S (M S) would be 0.026
× 0.04 = 0.001, or 0.1%. However, they observed 0.41% M S cotransformants, four times more than they expected. What accounts for the relatively high frequency of cotransformation of the traits they observed?

Rollin Hotchkiss and Julius Marmur studied transformation in
the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (R. D. Hotchkiss and J.
Marmur. 1954. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
the United States of America 40:55-60). They examined four
mutations in this bacterium: penicillin resistance (P), streptomycin
resistance (S), sulfanilamide resistance (F), and the ability to use
mannitol (M). They extracted DNA from strains of bacteria with
different combinations of different mutations and used this DNA to
transform wild-type bacterial cells (P* St F* M*). The results from
one of their transformation experiments are shown here.
Recipient
Percentage of all
cells
Donor
Transformants
DNA
DNA
MSF
M* s* F*
M* SF*
4.0
M* s* F
4.0
M S* F*
2.6
MSF*
0.41
M* SF
0.22
M S* F
0.0058
MSF
0.0071
Transcribed Image Text:Rollin Hotchkiss and Julius Marmur studied transformation in the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (R. D. Hotchkiss and J. Marmur. 1954. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 40:55-60). They examined four mutations in this bacterium: penicillin resistance (P), streptomycin resistance (S), sulfanilamide resistance (F), and the ability to use mannitol (M). They extracted DNA from strains of bacteria with different combinations of different mutations and used this DNA to transform wild-type bacterial cells (P* St F* M*). The results from one of their transformation experiments are shown here. Recipient Percentage of all cells Donor Transformants DNA DNA MSF M* s* F* M* SF* 4.0 M* s* F 4.0 M S* F* 2.6 MSF* 0.41 M* SF 0.22 M S* F 0.0058 MSF 0.0071
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