Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Fisher esterification: Acid-catalyzed ester formation from carboxylic acid and alcohol OH H₂SO4 OH - Carboxylic acid: conversion to acyl halides: SOCI₂ RCO₂H + SOCI₂ (w/ pyridine) → RCOCI SOCI₂ CH3OH CH3COH Reactions of Amide NH₂ 1. LiA 2. H₂O

Chemistry
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Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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**Reactions of Carboxylic Acids**

- **Fisher Esterification**: This is an acid-catalyzed ester formation process from carboxylic acids and alcohols.

  Reaction: A carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to form an ester.

  Diagram: The reactants shown are a carboxylic acid and cyclohexanol, reacting to form an ester.

- **Conversion to Acyl Halides**: Carboxylic acids are converted to acyl halides using thionyl chloride (SOCl₂).

  Reaction: RCO₂H + SOCl₂ (with pyridine) → RCOCl

  Diagram: The reactants shown are acetic acid and thionyl chloride, reacting to form acyl chloride and methanol.

**Reactions of Amides**

- **Reduction of Amides**: An amide can be reduced to an amine using lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄) followed by hydrolysis.

  Reaction: The reactants are an amide and lithium aluminum hydride, followed by the addition of water (H₂O).

  Diagram: The structure shown is a benzamide being reduced to form an amine, but the final product is not specified.
Transcribed Image Text:**Reactions of Carboxylic Acids** - **Fisher Esterification**: This is an acid-catalyzed ester formation process from carboxylic acids and alcohols. Reaction: A carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to form an ester. Diagram: The reactants shown are a carboxylic acid and cyclohexanol, reacting to form an ester. - **Conversion to Acyl Halides**: Carboxylic acids are converted to acyl halides using thionyl chloride (SOCl₂). Reaction: RCO₂H + SOCl₂ (with pyridine) → RCOCl Diagram: The reactants shown are acetic acid and thionyl chloride, reacting to form acyl chloride and methanol. **Reactions of Amides** - **Reduction of Amides**: An amide can be reduced to an amine using lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄) followed by hydrolysis. Reaction: The reactants are an amide and lithium aluminum hydride, followed by the addition of water (H₂O). Diagram: The structure shown is a benzamide being reduced to form an amine, but the final product is not specified.
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