Question 26 The demand curve for gasoline slopes downward and the supply curve for gasoline slopes upward. The production of the 400th gallon of gasoline entails the following: • a private cost of $2.8; • a social cost of $3,1: • a value to consumers of $3.2. The production of the 400th gallon of gasoline entails an O external cost of $0.1 O external cost of $0.3 O external benefit of $0.1 O external benefit of $0.4

Question 26 The demand curve for gasoline slopes downward and the supply curve for gasoline slopes upward. The production of the 400th gallon of gasoline entails the following: • a private cost of $2.8; • a social cost of $3,1: • a value to consumers of $3.2. The production of the 400th gallon of gasoline entails an O external cost of $0.1 O external cost of $0.3 O external benefit of $0.1 O external benefit of $0.4

Principles of Microeconomics

7th Edition

ISBN:9781305156050

Author:N. Gregory Mankiw

Publisher:N. Gregory Mankiw

Chapter11: Public Goods And Common Resources

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2PA

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A city currently emits 15 million gallons (MG) of raw sewage into a lake that is beside the city. Table 12.13 shows the total costs (TC) in thousands of dollars of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) of doing so. Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits. Using the information in Table 12.13 calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this City. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? How can you tell?
Suppose a city releases 16 million gallons of raw sewage into a nearby lake. Table 12.8 shows the total costs of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits of doing so. (Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits.) Using the information in Table 12.8, calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this city. See Production, Costs and Industry Structure if you need a refresher on how to calculate marginal costs. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? Why not just pass a law that films can emit zero sewage? After all, the total benefits of zero emissions exceed the total costs.
(External Costs with Variable Technology) Think of an industry that pollutes the water and has access to variable technology for reducing that pollution. Graphically illustrate and explain the impact of each of the following, other things constant, on the optimal level of water quality: a. New evidence is discovered about a greater risk of cancer from water pollution. b. The cost of pollution-control equipment increases. c. A technological improvement reduces the cost of pollution control.
2. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Trucks impose many external costs on society: heavy air and noise pollution, traffic safety issues and road congestion, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of diesel trucks does not equal the socially optimal quantity. The following graph plots the demand for diesel trucks (their private value), the supply of diesel trucks (the private cost of producing them), and the social cost of diesel trucks, including both the private cost and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity. PRICE OF DIESEL TRUCKS Social Cost Supply (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) QUANTITY OF DIESEL TRUCKS + Market Equilibrium ■ Socially Optimal Level ?
2. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Vaping imposes many external costs on society secondhand smoke, the adverse health burdens imposed on society, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quiantity of vapes does not equal the socially optimal quantity. The following graph plots the demand for vapes (their private value), the supply of vapes (the private cost of producing them), and the social cost of vapes, including both the private cost and external costs. Use the block point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quaneity Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially opamal quantity ? PRICE OF VAPES Demand (Private Value) QUANTITY OF VAPES Social Cost Supply (Private Cost) + Market Equilibrium Socially Optimal Level
3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantityof consumption Consider the market for electric cars. Suppose that a electric car manufacturing facility dumps sludge into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the facility. Producing additional electric cars imposes a constant per-unit external cost of $210. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for electric cars. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $210 per unit. PRICE (Dollars per unit of electric cars) 1400 1260 1120 980 840 700 560 420 280 140 0 0 O U 1 U O O 2 3 4 5 QUANTITY (Units of electric cars) The market equilibrium quantity is 6 Supply (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 7 Social Cost ? units of electric cars, but the socially optimal quantity of electric car production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of…
3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantityof consumption Consider the market for electric cars. Suppose that a electric car manufacturing facility dumps sludge into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the facility. Producing additional electric cars imposes a constant per-unit external cost of $160. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for electric cars. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $160 per unit. ? PRICE (Dollars per unit of electric cars) 800 720 640 560 480 400 320 240 160 80 0 0 O ☐ 1 ☐ O ☐ O ☐ ☐ O 2 3 5 QUANTITY (Units of electric cars) ☐ Supply (Private Cost) O Demand (Private Value) 6 7 Social Cost 1.5 To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of electric cars, the government could impose a per unit of electric cars. 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 The market…
D. Consider a ten-mile expressway. During rush-hour the equilibrium traffic is 2000 cars. The average private cost of the trip is $5 at the equilibrium traffic level. The marginal social cost of the trip is $9 at the equilibrium traffic level. The efficient traffic level is 1500 cars. The average private cost of the trip is $4 at the efficient traffic level. The marginal social cost of the trip is $7 at the efficient traffic level. a. Which traffic volume has a higher average trip speed? Why? 3 b. What is the externality cost per car at the equilibrium traffic level? What is the externality cost per car at the efficient traffic level? Explain. c. What is the level of the deadweight loss on this highway when it is in equilibrium? d. What is the efficient congestion toll on this highway? e. If the average fixed cost for expanding the highway is $2, should the state expand the highway? Explain.
Note:- Do not provide handwritten solution. Maintain accuracy and quality in your answer. Take care of plagiarism. Answer completely. You will get up vote for sure.
5) Mr. Leon is at it again! He vandalized a public park. Now society has to clean it up. Based on the numbers below what would be the socially optimal amount that should be cleaned up? % cleaned total benefits total costs 25 $10,000 $1,000 50 $15,000 $4,000 75 $18,000 $7,000 100 $19,000 $10,000 *Show the marginal benefits and marginal costs, graphically.
A) If the firm only considers its private benefits and costs, what level of production will occur? B) From a social perspective, what’s the socially efficient level of production? C) What kind of policy would ensure a social efficient outcome in this case?
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