QS2) Which of these statements is INCORRECT: a) More than 50% of the ATP produced from 1 molecule of glucose is generated from the activity of ATP synthase b) NADPH can be produced from the TCA cycle c) Citrate produced in the mitochondrial matrix can be metabolized by the TCA cycle or transported to the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis d) In order to maximize the rate of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, cells maintain their levels of NAD+ as high as possible e) ALL of the above statements are CORRECT QS3) Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding cell signaling a) protein kinases that are activated by cell signaling pathways recognize specific substrates to phosphorylate b) cell signaling can have short term effects or long term effects c) secondary messengers are produced by protein kinases d) the specificity of a cell's response to a molecular signal is determined by the receptor that is activated e) ALL of the above statements are CORRECT
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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