Q1. Many of the components for lipid synthesis need to be "activated", whichhappens by a variety of mechanisms. For each of the following activationprocesses, state WHAT is added and WHAT ENZYME catalyzes the reaction.Acetyl-CoA activation for fatty acid synthesis:WHAT is added:ENZYME:Glycerol activation for Phosphatidic Acid (PA) synthesis:WHAT is added:ENZYME:Fatty acid activation for Diacylglycerol (DAG) synthesis:WHAT is added:ENZYME:DAG activation for Phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthesis:WHAT is added:ENZYME:Choline activation for Phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesisWHAT is added:ENZYME:

Lipids are non-polar biomolecules, which act as the major components of the plasma membrane, energy…

Answered: Q1. Many of the components for lipid…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Give Detailed Solution with explanation...(no need Handwritten)
- The following both link carbohydrate metabolism with lipid biosynthesis: (a) How many molecules of glucose are required to provide the carbon for the synthesis of one molecule of palmitate? (b) How many molecules of glucose are required if all of the glucose first proceeds through the pentose phosphate pathway before proceeding through the rest of glycolysis on its way to pyruvate?
With one mole each of sucrose, and arginine: 1) rank these molecules in order of increasing energy production, 2) describe the metabolic pathways involved in producing ATP for each molecule, 3) approximate (and explain) and the number of Acetyl-Co A molecules that would be generated from each molecule.
45
Give answer to all parts?
. Students carry out a laboratory experiment with avidin (a protein in eg white) having a very high aflinity for biotin enzymes. Which enzyme of glucose metabolism would be inhibited by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate? For answer: a) draw a reaction that would be blocked by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate; b) write a diagram of the carbohydrate metabolism in which this reaction takes place.
Compare and contrast biochemical pathways. Describe the chemistry of the last three steps of the TCA. Describe the chemistry of the first three steps of β-oxidation. Explain how these pathways are similar and how they differ in terms of their chemistry, the involvement of coenzymes and the fate of the electrons. Describe the two connections between the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle
B. Consider the following types of cells and their respective conditions: i. a liver cell with non-functional malate-aspartate shuttle* ii. a skeletal muscle cell lacking oxygen iii. a cell with ATP synthase deficiency* * Assume that the deficiency is isolated and will not influence the function of other respiration components In these cells/tissues, determine the following from the catabolism of the 2.5 moles of the disaccharide lactose (which will be hydrolyzed first to yield glucose and galactose). Net ATP from glycolysis b. ATP from oxidative decarboxylation (if applicable) c. ATP formed from Krebs cycle (if applicable) d. Total net ATP
Starting: Fructose-6- phosphate Ending: Citrate How many NADH and FADH are produced between these in the pathways? How many ATP are generated as you react your starting molecule to your ending molecule? (Assuming all reduced coenzymes go through the ETC to be oxidized).
2. A person performs intense exercise (for example, runs away from danger) 30 minutes after a carbohydrate-rich lunch. Why does the glycogen synthesis stop in skeletal muscles in this situation? Why is glycogen breakdown stimulated? To answer the questions: a) write a diagram of glycogen synthesis, specify the reactions associated with energy consumption when a glucose molecule is included in a growing glycogen chain; b) write the glycogen mobilization diagram and calculate the ATP amount that can be produced if glucose 1-phosphate is further oxidized to CO, and H,O in the muscles; c) indicate the hormone with an increased level in blood under stress situations, and how this hormone affects the activity of regulatory enzymes of glycogen synthesis and breakdown.
The overall question is: What will be the approximate energy yield through aerobic metabolism, of a 16-carbon fatty acid? Part 5: How many molecules of Acetyl-CoA are produced when the original 16-carbon fatty acid is completely processed by the first major reaction of fatty acid metabolism? Part 6: What is the second major reaction through which Acetyl-CoA is processed during fatty acid metabolism? Part 7: What are the products of the second major reaction through which Acetyl-CoA is processed during fatty acid metabolism?
The overall question is: What will be the approximate energy yield through aerobic metabolism, of a 16-carbon fatty acid? Part 8: What is the third major reaction through which products of both the first and second reactions are processed during fatty acid metabolism? Part 9: What are the products of the third major reaction through which products of both the first and second reactions are processed during fatty acid metabolism? Part 10: What is the approximate total energetic yield after complete oxidation of the original 16-carbon fatty acid?

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