Plutonium-239 (t1₁/₂=2.41X10⁴yr) represents a serious nuclear waste hazard. If seven half-lives are required to reach a tolerable level of radioactivity, how long must ²³⁹Pu be stored?
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Plutonium-239 (t1₁/₂=2.41X10⁴yr) represents a serious nuclear waste hazard. If seven half-lives are required to reach a tolerable level of radioactivity, how long must ²³⁹Pu be stored?
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- Mantles for gas lanterns contain thorium, because it forms an oxide that can survive being heated to incandescence for long periods of time. Natural thorium is almost 100% 232Th , with a half-life of 1.405 × 1010 y. Randomized Variablesm = 270 mg If an average lantern mantle contains 270 mg of thorium, what is its activity in Bq?Plutonium has a decay constant of 2.75 × 10-16 s-1. Suppose we had a 1.00 g sample what will be its activity?A sealed box containing alloys of metal A and Metal B consisting of the same parts accordingly. Heavy metals A and B. These metals are radioactive with half-lives of 12 years and 18 years, respectively. When the box was opened it contained 0.53 kg A and 2.20 kg B. Determine the age of the alloy!
- H.W 1 Co decays with a half-life of 5.27 years to produce Ni. (a) What is the decay constant for the radioactive disintegration of cobalt-60? (b) Calculate the fraction of a sample of the Co isotope that will remain after 15 years. (c) How long does it take for a sample of 29 Co to disintegrate to the extent that only 2.0% of the original amount remains?40K is an unusual isotope, in that it decays by negative beta emission, positive beta emission, and electron capture. Find the Q values for: (a) negative beta emissionThe isotope 1321 decays by ß- emission into stable 132 Xe with a half-life of 2.3 h. (a) How long will it take for of the original 132 I atoms to decay? (b) How long it will take for a sample of 132 I to lose 95% of its activity? 1012 of 14℃ in
- A. B. Use the worked example above to help you solve this problem. The half-life of the radioactive nucleus 226 Ra is 1.6× 10³ yr. If a sample initially contains 3.34 x 1016 such nuclei, determine the following: 88 (a) the initial activity in curies μCi (b) the number of radium nuclei remaining after 4.5x 10³ yr nuclei (c) the activity at this later time μCi Use the values from PRACTICE IT to help you work this exercise. (a) Find the number of remaining radium nuclei after 3.10 x 10³ yr. N = nuclei (b) Find the activity at this time. R = μCiA nuclei has a half-life of 2.80 days. If 122 mCi were prepared but had a delay of 8.0 days. How much of the nuclei is lefted to use?e half-life of 131I is 8.04 days.(a) Convert the half-life to seconds. s (b) Calculate the decay constant for this isotope. s−1 (c) Convert 0.550 ?Ci to the SI unit the becquerel. Bq (d) Find the number of 131I nuclei necessary to produce a sample with an activity of 0.550 ?Ci. 131I nuclei (e) Suppose the activity of a certain 131I sample is 6.50 mCi at a given time. Find the number of half-lives the sample goes through in 40.2 d and the activity at the end of that period. (Enter your answer for the number of half-lives to at least one decimal place.)half-livesmCi
- A living specimen in equilibrium with the atmosphere contains one atom of 14C (half- life = 5 730 yr) for every 7.7 x 1011 stable carbon atoms. An archeological sample of wood (cellulose, C12H22011) contains 27 mg of carbon. When the sample is placed inside a shielded beta counter with 89% counting efficiency, 837 counts are accumulated in one week. Assuming that the cosmic-ray flux and the Earth's atmosphere have not changed appreciably since the sample was formed, find the age of the sample in the nearest year (1 yr ~ 3.1536 × 10' s). Take Avogadro Number to be DONT ROUND IN THE STEPS BECAUSE IT WILL NavG =6.026x1023 AFFECT YOUR ANSWER AND MAKE IT WRONGIn a nuclear reactor accident, the 137Cs (?1/2 = 30.2 years) nuclide is among the most problematic fission products. The energy released by the B-decay of 137Cs into the stable 137Ba is 1.17 MeV. a) Why is 137Cs considered as one of the most problematic fission products in a reactor accident? Give two reasons. b)Give two possible ways that 137Cs is produced in a pressurized water reactor. Write down the corresponding equation in each process. c)What is the percentage of a sample of 137Cs that will decay in one year? [Hint: the lifetime r is related to the half-life ?1/2 by r = ?1/2 ln2 .] d)If the radiation dose limit is 20 mSv per annum, what is the maximum amount of 137Cs that a 60-kg person can swallow without affecting his health?Problem 8: In a living organism, a fixed fraction 1.30 × 10-12 of 12C is the radioactive isotope 14C, which has a half life of 5730 y. What is the activity of the 14C in 1.8 g of 12C found in living tissue in Bq?Numeric : A numeric value is expected and not an expression.R = __________________________________________